1. Science with CARMA: • Alberto Bolatto • Radio Astronomy Lab • UC Berkeley • Adam Leroy* • Josh Simon* • Erik Rosolowsky* • Leo Blitz • Fabian Walter NGC 2976 CO on H The Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-Wave Astronomy

2. What is CARMA? • CARMA is the merger of the OVRO, BIMA, and SZA arrays • It is a partnership between Caltech, UC Berkeley, Illinois, Maryland, and Chicago Caltech Anneila Sargent Andrew Beard Geoff Blake Paul Daniel Jim Fredsti Curt Giovanine Dave Hawkins Rick Hobbs Mark Hodges Stan Hudson Russ Keeney Derrick Key James Lamb Ron Lawrence Steve Miller Nick Scoville Steve Scott Brad Wiitala David Woody U.C. Berkeley Leo Blitz Don Backer Alberto Bolatto Calvin Cheng Danning Chou Greg Engargiola Ed Fields Matt Fleming Rick Forster Carl Heiles David McMahon Alessandro Navarrini Imke de Pater Colby Kraybill Dick Plambeck Doug Thornton Lynn Urry Harold Weaver Jack Welch Mel Wright U. Illinois Dick Crutcher You-Hua Chu Robert Gruendl Leslie Looney Kee-Tae Kim Jason Kirk Dave Mehringer David Meier Joe Mohr Jun-ichi Nakashima Ray Plante Lew Snyder Edmund Sutton U. Maryland Stuart Vogel Mike A'Hearn Andy Harris Mukul Kundu Lee Mundy Glen Petitpas Marc Pound Eve Ostriker Kevin Rauch Jim Stone Peter Teuben Stephen White Mark Wolfire U. Chicago John Carlstrom John Cartwright Kim Coble Frank DiDonna Ryan Hennessy Ellen LaRue Erik Leitch Michael Loh Clem Pryke Ben Redall Chris Reer Markus Runyan Dan Siegal Project Manager:Douglas Bock (Tony Beasley)

3. Central Array Area just cleared, late August 200 m What is CARMA? • OVRO, BIMA, and the SZA are relocating to Cedar Flat (Inyo Mountains, altitude 2.2 km) VR simulation in D-array configuration

4. The role of CARMA • Training grounds for next generations of ALMA users • First rate science: millimeter-wave interferometry facility on road to ALMA, together with IRAM’s PdBI • Simpler, flexible platform for new developments: • E.g., array receivers for wide-field interferometry and large scale surveys

5. Specifications • 23 dishes: • 6 OVRO 10 m dishes • 9 BIMA 6 m dishes • 8 SZA 3.5 m dishes • 800 m2 collecting area • Superb image fidelity: • 253 baselines • Heterogeneous array • 5 configurations: • 4 m to 2.2 km long baselines • 10” to 0.1” angular resolution • 4 mm median WV burden, 225~0.25 • Atmosphere ×2 more stable than Hat Creek and OVRO: • frequent operation at 1mm and in extended arrays

6. The Instrument • RF & IF system: • Laser link system: 8 GHz × 2 polarizations • fiber support for array receivers • 1mm Rx: OVRO 4 GHz • BIMA upgrading to 4 GHz • 3mm Rx: planned upgrade to MMICs • Currently developing dual polarization Rx • First light correlator: • Based on COBRA FPGA technology • 8 × 500 MHz windows (3 LR, 5 HR) • Next generation correlator: • Full Stokes parameters • Tropospheric phase correction: • Correlation WVR under development

7. Construction is moving forward • OVRO stopped and upgrading • BIMA deconstructed and transported • First telescope pads in place • Building foundations poured • Power and fiber trenching proceeding • Operations beginning August 2005

8. H2 HI Why am I excited about this? • The processes that control the conversion from atomic gas to molecular gas to stars on galactic scales are not well understood • Molecular cloud properties of extragalactic GMCs are basically unknown • Without this information, baryons cannot be reliably incorporated into large scale simulations Two words: Extragalactic Vermin

9. The link between atomic and molecular gas • Why are GMCs only found on top of HI filaments? • Why are GMCs only found inside a certain radius, even though there is little change in N(HI)? • What is regulating the HI→H2→SF transition on galactic scales? GMCs over color HI map in M33 Engargiola et al. (2003)

10. The link between atomic and molecular gas • Why are GMCs only found on top of HI filaments? • Why are GMCs only found inside a certain radius, even though there is little change in N(HI)? • What is regulating the HI→H2→SF transition on galactic scales? Color GMCs over HI contours in IC10 Leroy, Walter et al. (in prep.)

11. IC10 N(H2)/N(HI) = 0.8(P/PO)0.9 (ΣHIΣ*0.5)0.9 Clue # 1 • Azimuthally averaged H2 fraction is strongly correlated with local hydrostatic pressure, mostly set by stellar surface density (Blitz & Rosolowsky 2004; Wong & Blitz 2002)

12. Clue # 2 • Very tight correlation between molecular and stellar mass in a large sample of local galaxies (Leroy et al., submitted, poster) Taken together, these findings suggest that the surface density of the stellar disk plays an important role in regulating the HI→H2

13. Cloud Radius Line Profile Spatial Mask Studying GMCs in other galaxies • The challenges: • Low S/N we only see “the tips” of the GMCs • Marginal resolution  beam deconvolution is essential • Confusion & blending  what is a cloud?

14. GMC properties across the Local Group • Cloud properties appear remarkably constant regardless of environment • M  RV2 V  R1/2 ΣH2 ~ constant  Pcl ~ ΣH22 ~ const • If Jeans instability determines cloud fragmentation, IMF ~ invariant M/R2 = const

15. Bottom line A strong observational program on nearby galaxies is crucial to understand the fundamental processes at work in the near and far universe Taking over from BIMA: the first 32 antennas of the ATA under construction at Hat Creek

16. Merci beaucoup