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Final Exam Review for Earth & Environmental Sciences

Prepare for your final exam in Earth & Environmental Sciences with this comprehensive review. Topics covered include minerals, maps, and more!

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Final Exam Review for Earth & Environmental Sciences

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  1. Final Exam ReviewCORC 1332 NET 1A & 1B • Final Exam: Wednesday, 12/19/12 from 8:30-10:30 pm in room 3127N • Bring with you a #2 pencil, calculator, ruler, string and protractor (optional) during the final. • Cell phones may be used as calculators but all network connections must be turned off • Students will be permitted into the exam UNTIL the first completed exam is turned in. After that no additional entries to the exam. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  2. Minerals Know the difference between a rock and a mineral. Definition of a Mineral: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_def.html Definition of a rock: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rocks_def.html Please note: A mineral is any natural, inorganic (not living) solid, whose atoms are arranged in an orderly fashion (crystalline). As a result of the orderly arrangement of the atoms, the mineral has uniform composition throughout. Which is DIFFERENT than: Volcanic glass is an example of a natural, inorganic solids whose atoms are arranged randomly. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  3. Minerals Know how to use a chart of mineral properties to identify an unknown mineral (similar to HW assignment): http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_identification_charts_instructions.html Review mineral properties from the resource table at: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_invest_intro.html **Be sure you are thoroughly familiar with the introductory page for each mineral property (ie: What is Hardness, Streak, Color, Breakage, Crystals, Density, MVP, MNVP) Review mineral families at: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_families.html Be able to give examples of members in the mineral families. For example: Feldspar family includes Orthoclase, Albite, Labradorite, Anorthite BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  4. Mineral Properties ►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL. Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of a equal volume of water. Density = Weight/Volume BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  5. Review for Maps You will be responsible to answer similar questions as you had on your map assignment. This includes: --Determining stream direction --Labeling contours --Finding the gradient --Determining azimuth direction --How to use the different scale bars to determine distance http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/contourmaps_menu.html http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/scale-direction-ex2.htm BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  6. Maps: Determine Direction of Stream Protractor: used to determine azimuth readings Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R In what general direction is the stream flowing? Answer: From West to East (The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow) BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  7. Maps: Distance Between Two Points Protractor Scale bar length = 100 mile Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles? 1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that 1.5 cm = 100 miles BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  8. Maps: Distance Between Two Points Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 ft Elevation of point Q = 583 ft Start Point: Q End Point: R What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles? 2) We measure the distance between the two points that is 8.5 cm = x miles BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  9. Maps: Distance Between 2 Points Calculations BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  10. Maps: Distance Between 2 Points (MILES) Protractor Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Answer: The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  11. Maps Using the information given what is the elevation of contours ‘d’ and ‘k’? Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  12. 500 500 Maps Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R 500 500 Answer: Contour ‘d’ = 400 ft Contour ‘k’ = 650 ft BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  13. Maps: Gradient of a Steam What is the average gradient of the streambetween points R and T? Gradient refers to the steepness between two points. To calculate the gradient we take the difference in elevation (ED) and divide it by the horizontal distance (HD). First will determine the horizontal distance of the stream. 1) Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a string along the course of the river. Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  14. Maps: Gradient of a Steam 2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement is 5 4/16 inches which is equivalent to 5 1/4 in or 5.25 in. 3) Measure the scale bar in inches, 100miles = 19/32 in *19/32 was derived from measuring the scale bar from a screen shot- your measurements will vary depending on screen resolution. 4) Complete the calculations and solve for X (on left). The distance measured by the ruler is 884 miles which refers to the horizontal distance. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  15. Maps: Gradient of a Steam Next, Determine the difference in elevation measuring the heights of points R and T. Begin bylabeling all of the contours using the given information (below) and determine the contour interval of R and T. Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  16. 500 500 Maps: Gradient of a Steam 5) Find the difference between R and T (R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft) 500 ft - 400 ft = 100ft Difference in elevation is = 100ft Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 ft Elevation of point Q = 583 ft Start Point: Q End Point: R f= 600 ft h= 650 ft k= 650 ft BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  17. Gradient= ED = HD 100ft 884miles = 0.11 feet/mile Maps: Gradient of a Steam To Recap: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED) divided by the horizontal distance (HD): To Calculate Gradient: (Using the numbers from the previous slides) Difference in elevation (ED) = 100 feet Horizontal distance (HD) = 884 miles *Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)* BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  18. What is an outcrop? What is bedrock? What are the differences between the two? ►Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located beneath a surface layer of soil or other material. ►A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/nyc_mins2/bedrock_rollover.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  19. Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area Be able to identify areas on the map. Could you: --Identify each borough, body of water and New Jersey? --Name the borough located furthest North, South, East West? http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/geog_nyc_menu2.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  20. Longitude and Latitude http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/latlong_menu.html Any point on a line of latitude is its position North or South of the equator. For example the Latitude of J is 5° 59’ 45” North (green arrow) Any point on a line of longitude is its position East or West of the Prime Meridian. For Example the Longitude of J is 71o 00’ 00” West (pink arrow) BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  21. Plate Tectonics Be familiar with the evidence Alfred Wegener cited to support the hypothesis of continental drift at: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec3.htm Understand the difference between a scientific theory and hypothesis: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec8.htm Know the contraction theory of mountain building, shown at: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec5.htm Understand what paleomagnetism is: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec7.htm Understand how the idea of convection cells is applied to the movements of crust and mantle. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec10.htm. Know where the heat causing this movement comes from. http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec12.htm BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  22. Plate Tectonics Be thoroughly familiar with the characteristics of the different types of plate boundaries. You will have to review several web pages, starting withhttp://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec14.htm When you review the section on earthquakes and volcanism, starting athttp://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec16.htm, be conscious of which tectonic setting are associated with both kinds of event and which are associated with only one. Be sure you know what causes earthquakes. Be familiar with the phenomenon of intraplate volcanoes athttp://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec17.htm Know the difference between the various types of earthquake waves and how the epicenter of an earthquake is located. See http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec18.htm BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  23. Fourth Dimension Review your Fourth Dimension assignment (short answer portion) Know the difference between Law of Superposition, unconformities, Law of Horizontality and how to apply them when looking at a cross section: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/froshlec8.html Review transportation and depositional processes involving sediments: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rock_comp_sedimentary2.html How to determine rock origin http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rock_origin_determine.html Understand the differences in the texture of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Terms to know (Texture, Crystalline, Clastic, glass, vesicular, non-vesicular) For example: If a geologist finds in the field a rock with poorly sorted grains with a clastic texture what class of rock would it belong too? Ans. Sedimentary http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rock_texture.html http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rocks_conclusions.html BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  24. DECIPHERING A SAMPLE OF EARTH HISTORY You will be given an example very similar to this and have to determine: --the sequence of events --appropriate law (ex. The relative age of Intrusion C and fault F-F can be determined by? Ans. Cross-cutting relationships.)http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/froshlec8.html --determine the age of a layer based on information given http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/froshlec10.html --Know what an unconformity represents. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

  25. TopographicFeatures Overhanging Cliff Describing Topography: If given a section of a map be able to explain the features of the topography. For example: Identify stream direction and 2 features on the sample map below. (dashed line = stream) Closed Depression Steep Slope: narrow spaced contours Hill http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/top_describe_menu.html Gentle Slope-widely space contours BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

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