Which of the following people did NOT accept a heliocentric model for the universe?

1. Which of the following people did NOT accept a heliocentric model for the universe? • Kepler • Copernicus • Tycho • Galileo • Newton

2. A(n) ____ is a single conjecture that can be tested. • hypothesis • paradigm • natural law • model • theory

3. A(n) ____ is well supported (observationally and/or experimentally) system of rules and principles that can be applied to a wide variety of circumstances. • hypothesis • paradigm • theory • model

4. Retrograde motion (east to west among the stars) is observed • for some planets as the Earth passes between that planet and the Sun. • for the Sun during the entire year. • for the Earth’s moon during an entire month • none of the above.

5. Spring tides occur • at new moon and first quarter moon. • at first quarter and third quarter moons. • at new moon and full moon. • at third quarter and full moons. • at noon and midnight.

6. ____ occur when the moon is first or third quarter. • Neap tides • Spring tides • Total solar eclipses • Annular eclipses • A coppery red moon will

7. The geometry of an ellipse is described by two numbers: the ____ which is half the longest diameter of the ellipse and the ____ which tells us the shape of the ellipse. • radius, eccentricity • radius, deferent • semi major axis, deferent • semi major axis, epicycle • semi major axis, eccentricity

8. Parallax is • the apparent motion of an object due to the motion of the observer. • the distance between two foci of an ellipse. • the small circle that the planets slid along in Ptolemy's geocentric universe. • the circular orbits used in Copernicus' heliocentric universe. • half the length of the shortest diameter of an ellipse.

9. The Copernican system was no more accurate than the Ptolemaic system in predicting the positions of the planets because _______ just as in the Ptolemaic system. • the Copernican system assumed the Earth was at rest at the center. • the Copernican system used elliptical planetary orbits. • the Copernican system used uniform circular motion. • the Copernican system assumed all planets orbited the Sun.

10. Galileo's observations of a complete set of phases of Venus proved • that Venus orbited the sun. • that Earth orbited the sun. • that all of the planets orbited the sun. • that the moon orbited Earth. • that Venus had an atmosphere.

11. Galileo's telescopic discoveries of mountains on the moon and spots on the sun were controversial because they suggested that the sun and moon • were the same kind of object. • were not perfect spheres. • were inhabited. • orbited each other. • did not orbit Earth.

12. Tycho's universe was the same as the Copernican universe except that • Earth did not move. • the sun did not move. • the moon orbited the sun. • the orbits were elliptical with the sun at one focus. • the orbits followed uniform circular motion.

13. The diagram below illustrates a portion of the model for the universe described by A. Kepler B. Tycho C. Ptolemy D. Copernicus E. Galileo

14. Tycho Brahe's greatest contribution to astronomy was • his model of the universe. • his telescopic observations. • his discovery of three laws of motion. • his 20 years of careful observations of the planets. • A and B above.

15. The force of gravity from one object extends to infinity never going to zero. When we say that gravitation is universal we mean that • the Earth exerts gravitational force on objects on its surface. • the Earth exerts a gravitational force on its moon and vice versa. • the Earth, moon and sun exert gravitational forces on each other. • all material objects in the universe exert gravitational forces on one another.

16. Newton concluded that a force from the Earth had to act on the moon because • a force is needed to keep the moon in motion in its orbit. • a force is needed to pull the moon outward. • a force is needed to accelerate the moon toward Earth away from straight-line motion. • the moon moved at a constant velocity in a straight line. • all of the above.

17. The ____ of an object is a measure of the amount of matter it contains. On the other hand ____ is a measure of the gravitational force on an object. • weight mass • mass, weight • energy, force • force, energy • momentum, energy

18. Kepler's second law implies that • a planet should move at its greatest speed when it is closest to the sun. • the most massive planets will have the greatest speed in their orbits. • the speed of a planet in its orbit depends on the size of the epicycle. • the mass of the planet determines how far the planet is from the sun. • the deferent and the epicycle have to be attached to the sun and not Earth.

19. Kepler's first law of planetary motion says that • the planets move at a constant speeds at all points in their orbits. • the planets all move around the Earth in elliptical orbits. • uniform circular motion is adequate to describe the motion of all planets. • planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun.

20. Gravity obeys an inverse square relation. This statement implies that the force due to gravity between two masses • will increase as the distance between the two masses increases. • will decrease as the square of the distance between the two masses increases. • will cause the two masses to move away from each other. • will cause the two masses to move in a straight line. • will cause the two masses to orbit each other.

21. The force of gravity between two objects depends onI. the mass of each object.II. the distance each object is from Earth.III. the distance between the two objects.IV. the speed of light. • I & II • I & III • II & IV • I, II, & III • I, II, III, & IV

22. Halley's comet has an orbital period of 76 years, what is the average distance of Comet Halley from the sun? • 51 AU • 18 AU • 114 AU • 660 AU • 38 AU

23. Saturn is on average 10 AU from the sun. What is the approximate orbital period of Saturn? • 10 years • 32 years • 100 years • 1000 years • 1,000,000 years

24. The period of Jupiter's orbit around the sun is approximately 12 years. What is the approximate distance from the sun to Jupiter? • 144 AU • 1728 AU • 42 AU • 5.2 AU • 2.3

25. If the mass of the Earth decreased by a factor of two with no change in radius, your weight would • increase by a factor of 4. • increase by a factor of 2. • stay the same. • decrease by a factor of 2. • decrease by a factor of 4.

26. An apparent westward motion of a planet in the sky compared to the background stars (as viewed from the Earth) when observed on successive nights is referred to as • epicycle • retrograde motion • prograde motion • heliocentric motion • deferent

27. When Mars is located directly behind the Earth with respect to the Sun in its orbit, it is • at the midpoint in the sky between east and west at sunset. • at the midpoint in the sky between east and west at midnight. • at the midpoint in the sky between east and west at sunrise. • at the midpoint in the sky between east and west at noon. • not visible in the night sky.

28. The greatest inaccuracy in Copernicus' model of the solar system came from the assumption that the planets • traveled in circular orbits with uniform motion. • traveled on epicycles whose centers followed orbits around the Sun. • traveled in elliptical orbits. • were allowed to travel backwards in their orbits. • the planets orbited the Sun.

29. The orbit of the planet Jupiter is ellipse with the Sun at one focus. What is located at the other focus? • The asteroid belt • Earth • Saturn • Jupiter • Nothing

30. A comet is found in a highly elliptical orbit to have a semi-major axis equal to one astronomical unit (AU). According to Kelper's 3rd law of what would be the sidereal period of this comet? • It will be more than one year. • It will be one year. • It will be less than one year. • 76 years; the same for every comet. • Not enough information is given to determine.

31. The eccentricity of a planet's orbit is a measure of • westward motion in the night sky when observed on successive nights. • the deviation in shape from a circle. • its tilt with respect to the ecliptic plane. • the tilt of the planet's rotational axis with respect to the ecliptic.

32. Which of the following statements best describes Kelper's 3rd law of planetary motion? • The smaller the diameter of a planet, the faster its rotational period. • The orbital period of a planet directly proportional to the diameter of the planet. • The smaller the orbit, the longer its orbital period. • The larger the orbit, the longer its orbital period.

33. Many classical Greek astronomers believed Earth could not move because they detected no parallax. • True • False

34. Classical Greek astronomers believed the motions of the heavens could be described by uniform circular motion. • True • False

35. Galileo used a telescope to observe the phases of Jupiter. • True • False

36. If a planet orbits the sun at a distance of 4 AU, then its orbital period is 8 years. • True • False

37. The force due to gravity has the mathematical form: • True • False

38. The spring tides occur during the new and full lunar phases. • True • False