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### Determining Solubility of Compounds in Aqueous Solutions ###

Learn how to determine if a compound is soluble or insoluble in water through double replacement reactions in aqueous solutions. Explore the dissolution of covalent and ionic substances like sugar and table salt, and how precipitates are formed when two ionic compounds react. Find out how to write net ionic equations and identify spectator ions to simplify reactions. Discover reactions that produce solids, liquids, and gases, and understand the conservation of charge in chemical reactions. ###

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### Determining Solubility of Compounds in Aqueous Solutions ###

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  1. Determining if a compound is soluble (aq) or NOT • LOOK AT TABLE F • LiOH • Cu(NO3)2 • AgCl2 • MgS • NaS2 • KOH • aq • aq • insoluble = precipitate = s • insoluble = precipitate = s • aq • aq

  2. Double Replacement Reactions

  3. Format: AX + BY  AY + BX Double Replacement

  4. DR rns occur in aqueous solutions • So, what exactly happens to a substance when we put it in water? • depends if ionic or covalent

  5. Dissolving Covalent substance – ex: sugar (C6H12O6) C6H12O6(s)  C6H12O6(aq) • sugar molecules spread out among water molecules

  6. Dissolving • Ionic substance – • ex: table salt (NaCl) • NaCl(s)  Na+1(aq) + Cl-1(aq) • ions spread out among water molecules

  7. Double Replacement Reactionsoccur with 2 ionic compound solutions • Products can be: - liquid (H2O) • - gas • - solid Reactions producing solids • Precipitation: • solid is formed - opposite of dissolving! MOVIE

  8. This is the Chemical Equation but it’s not the whole story… EX: Reactions producing Solids 2 NaOH(aq) + CuCl2(aq)  2 NaCl(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)

  9. 2 NaOH(aq) + CuCl2(aq)  2 NaCl(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s) In solution it’s not NaOH and CuCl2You actually have ions floating around in water • Reactants: 2Na+1(aq) + 2OH-1(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl-1(aq) • Products: 2Na+1(aq) + 2Cl-1(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+ Na+1 Cu2+ Na+1 H H O H O H H O H O H H Cl+1 Cu2+ Cu O Na+1 O H H O H H H H O O Cu2+ H O Cl+1 Cu Cl-1 O H ions in solution are written as aqueous

  10. Here’s what is really involved in the reaction… 2OH-1(aq) + Cu2+(aq)  Cu(OH)2(s) 2 NaOH(aq) + CuCl2(aq)  2 NaCl(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s) Net Ionic Equations 2Na+1(aq) + 2OH-1(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl-1(aq)  2Na+1(aq) + 2Cl-1(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s) • Notice some ions do not participate in reaction • = spectator ions • cross out spectator ions to get net ionic equation

  11. Double Replacement Reactionsoccur with 2 ionic compound solutions • Products can be: - liquid (H2O) • - gas • - solid

  12. H+1(aq) + OH-1(aq)  H2O(l) Reactions that form Water HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq)  H2O(l) + NaBr(aq) H+1(aq) + Br-1(aq) + Na+1(aq) + OH-1(aq)  H2O(l) + Na+1(aq) + Br-1(aq)

  13. H2O(l) + CO2(g) Reactions that form Gases HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)  H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)

  14. H+1(aq) + HCO3-1(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g) Reactions that form Gases HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g) + NaCl(aq) H+1(aq) + Cl-1(aq) + Na+1(aq) + HCO3-1(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Na+1(aq) + Cl-1(aq)

  15. Conservation of Charge total charge (reactant side) must equal total charge on product side • 2OH-1(aq) + Cu2+(aq)  Cu(OH)2(s) • -1 x 2 + +2 = 0 • H+1(aq) + OH-1(aq)  H2O(l) • H+1(aq) + HCO3-1(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g)

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