C ould you help me to learn your language ?

1. Couldyou help me to learnyourlanguage? The Naples-Bochum Teletandem project Amelia Bandini - University of Naples Federico II bandini@unina.it

2. Germanlanguagecourses: situationalcontext • German as mother tongue is the most widespread language in Europe • Germany is economically the strongest country in Europe • A lot of young people want to migrate to Germany • They need competences in German Language • The majority of our students study English FL at school and have none or only few competences in German • Language courses are generally designed like traditional courses • transmission model of education • lack of native staff/contacts with native speakers Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

3. theoretical background in adult contexts (university contexts): Formal L2 learning: language instruction enhances cognitive processes and has a positive impact on L2 acquisition (Long 1983, 1988), Informal L2 acquisition: opportunities for communication in terms of exposure to and production in L2 authentic contexts enhance the learning process (Swain 1995, Gass 2003) INFLUENCE Conversation is not only a medium of practice, but also the means by which learning takes places. In other words, conversational interaction in a second language forms the basis for the development of language rather than being only a form for practice of specific language features (Gass, 2003: 234). • Negotiation of meaning is able to help certain cognitive processes necessary for second language learning because by becoming consciously aware of one’s own production, output can serve the metalinguistic function of helping to internalize linguistic form. (Swain, 1995: 128). Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

4. Bandini and Meuter’s challenge: to enrich formal courses with Teletandem activities (blended learning) … to combine formal and informal language learning environments … to get in touch with different way of life and/or lifestyles … to acquire the cultural dimension of the society speaking the target language …to satisfy the need for authentic communication Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

5. in-tandem workingmodalities Tandem in presence Teletandem foreign language learners, located in different countries and linked via various forms of electronic communication, work together and thus access more authentic communication than is available in classroom interaction. • collaborative learning (Telles/Vassallo, 2006a) • Teleandem is a form of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning : (group)interactions among individuals are mediated by computers. • CSCL stresses collaboration among the students [...]. The learning takes place largely through interactions among students. Students learn by expressing their questions, pursuing lines of inquiry together, teaching each other and seeing how others are learning.(Stahl, Koschmann,, &Suthers, 2006: 2) Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

6. Teletandem = collaborative & autonomouslearning collaborative learners they take control of and responsibility for their own learning when what they develop the ability to monitor and evaluate their learning process (O’Rourke2007) how long Autonomous learners Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

7. “Autonomy by learning” = “Learning to Learn” the competence to pursue and organize one's own learning, either individually or in groups, in accordance with one's own needs, and awareness of methods and opportunities .http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/education_training_youth/lifelong_learning/c11090_en.htm “Autonomy by learning” or “Learning to Learn” is one of the eight key competences considered of strategic importance for lifelong learning by the European Union. European Countries are requested to integrate it into their own educational strategies. • Tandem activities: • increase learners’ sensitivity to the way the target languages work • raise students’ general metalinguistic awareness and ability to regulate the language learning process and the use of language skills and knowledge outside the classroom. • improve learners capability to plan learning activities • (Autonomy in the sense by Holec 1981 and Little 1991). Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

8. Teletandemforbasiclanguageusers They need linguistic explanations … … but native-speakers do not generally offer analytical linguistic explanations: their expertise is normally just an unreflecting competence Integration into formal courses Teacher’s guidance ECS credits for Italian students and reduction of homework for the German ones. Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

9. The Naples-BochumTeletandemproject Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

10. wiki-based Teletandem • supports collaborative learning, knowledge building and promotes social acts; • gives the possibility: • to share materials: modify, add, remove texts, photos, links and add comments to all pages posted by every participant (collaboration); • to reconstruct all interventions through the permanent visual record (page history); • to reflect on the partners’ use of the language (language awareness increasing of autonomy) • gives the possibility to accomplish some learning tasks asynchronously flexible tool for language learning. Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

11. On the FrontPage acknowledgments on work modalities are posted Extract from the home page […] The exchange involves learners attending German FL courses by the Departments of Political Science and of Humanities of the University of Naples and those attending Italian FL courses by the Language Center at the University of Bochum. (…) We offer you the opportunity to interact on-line with native speakers to learn each other’s language and culture. […] Fill out the “questionnaire” that you find in the “Navigator” on the right menu of our workspace. Meanwhile, following the instructions in the “create a page” session on the right menu, please create your own page where you introduce yourself: photos or short movies are welcome! Browse the presentation of your colleagues and add comments! […] The learning activities on each topic are grouped in worksheets and organized in three distinct phases related to the skills required by the Common European Framework of Reference: comprehension and production of written texts, ability to understand, speak and interact in a foreign language. […] Each pair can freely choose to follow the directions or replace them with other activities, but it is important that ALL phases of each worksheet are completed. When all activities on a topic are completed, please fill in the“portfolio” with the aim to “reflect” on your work, i.e. on the improvement of your language skills, on the difficulties that you have faced and on the collaboration with your partner. Reflecting will improve your language awareness and as a consequence your learning process! Teacher counselling is at your disposal! Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

12. The questionnaire to create the pairs  First name Surname  Age E-Mail  Course of study   How do you assess your language competences following the Common European Framework of References? (several languages are required, write them into the boxes)   Have you already experienced ‘tandem learning’? Which tool/s do you usually use for electronic communication (e.g. E-Mail , Instant Messenger; Skype, chats...) ? Have you already used a wiki software? Why did you decide to work in e-Tandem? What expectations do you have ? How old should your e-tandem partner be? My partner should be (male/female) Would you like to share common interests with your partner? tutors match candidates taking into account the responses Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

13. Introducingoneself intended as a warm up section: each participant can write a comment on the page of another participant and/or converse with him/her freely The choice to create a wiki is also due to the intention to create a ‘community’ or group in which all participants could share their production and take advantage from it, this phase is intended to implement the feeling of ‘being a group’. R.A. Page historylast edited by R. A.3 monthsago (German) Hallo, I am R,A., I’m 20 years old. I come from Italy and I live in Pozzuoli nearby Naples. I like music and art. I like to visit museums and to travel, with the aim to meet and experience other cultures. I hope in my future I’ll work for the UNESCO Comments (3) Delete all comments S. S.saidat 10:07 pm on Oct 28, 2013 (Italian) Hallo R. I’m S. S., I am from Kojsnjak in Iraq, I live in Germany. I attend a master of Philosophy at the University of Bochum. I live in a small flat in the centre of Köhln with my wife. I am 39. I speak German, a little bit of English, Arab and now I’m learning Italian. ReplyDelete Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

14. The worksheets • I Introduce a personality of my country • My holidays • Spare time • Studying abroad • How do I spend my day? • What do we eat? • The flat where I live • Shopping • Festivities In the workspace we have set nine topics linked to the language competences and communicative situations at level A1/A2 of CEFR • Each topic has its worksheet where tasks are scheduled. • Learning activities are divided into 2 stages : • 1st stage: collaborative learning activities (asynchronous reading/writing and synchronous spoken activities). • 2nd stage: focus on form (reflecting activities) Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

15. 1st stage: 3 phases related to the abilities previewed by the CEFR How did you spend your holidays? You have to plan your next vacation. Your partner wants to find out about your last holidays. We are very curious: we want to read about your partner’s last holidays! 1st phase: Reading comprehension Write in your mother tongue on a wiki page an Email to a travel agency asking for a travel deal. Explain where you want to go, when, for how long, and where you would like to stay overnight (hotel, bed and breakfast, apartment) .... 2nd phase: Oral interaction: listening and speaking VoIP Session: describe your Holidays in your target language. Were they fun? Where were you? Where did you stay (hotels, camp sites...)? What was the weather like? Your partner will ask you questions in his/her mother tongue . 3rd phase:Writing What did your tandem partner do during her/his holidays? On your wiki page write a German text which summarizes the information that you got during the VoIP session. Express your opinion about the way your partner spent her/his holidays. Ask your partner to improve your text.  Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

16. 1st PHASE: READING COMPREHENSION 1stSTAGE: participants work asynchronously: they have to create a new wiki page dedicated to the selected topic and post a text in their native language. • learning activities are focused on reading, acquiring vocabulary, idiomatic expressions , syntax. • we have tried to diversify text genres to give the participants the possibility to experience different written modalities: Sparetime/Entertainment Your partner is coming to Naples as an Erasmus student or as a tourist. What can she/he do in her/his spare time? And where? Where can she/he play a sport? How much does it cost? Where do young people meet between them? What do they do? 1st phase: before the VoIP session, create a wiki page Create a wiki page in which you illustrate to your Partner in Italian what you do in your spare time, if you practice a sport and how much it costs. Add photos or movies, suggest links to websites!. Tell your partner also what you would like to do in your spare time in Bochum. Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

17. 2nd PHASE=VoIP SESSION 1stSTAGE: Participants work synchronously . They meet together to speak about the topic on which they have already worked in the first phase. Each participant has to speak in his/her target language and has to help the partner by giving feedback. This phase must be divided into two parts and each part must be devoted to only one language: first Tandem principle: languages must not be mixed (Telles/Vassallo, 2006: 5). Video calling is suggested to facilitate comprehension and experience paralinguistic features of communication. Participants can use the tool they prefer, but this has to be equipped with a chat, which can be used to write notes in case of lack of comprehension. Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

18. 1stSTAGE: 3rdPHASE/aWRITING asynchronous work: 1. on the created wiki page participants post a text in their target language in which they summarize the F2F session, 2. they help their partners by editing and/or commenting their texts G.: S. ist in Paris in zusammen der Familie gewesen. Ist Sie sehr Glucklich des Turm Eiffel bleiben. Die Eltern und der Bruder sind zum turm besteigen wherend wolltet Sabine aber die treppen Benutzen (Es sind circa 700 Stufen).In Hotel in bei der Stadt schlaft sie.Sie haben 300 euro bezahlen.  Sie ist dreimal in Berlin, in Barcellona und in Schweiz gewesen. Sabine nicht sehr reist. Sie will in Paris mit dem seinem Freud fahren.S. ist zusammen mit ihrer Familie in Paris gewesen. Sie war sehr glücklich den Eiffelturm zu sehen. Ihre Eltern und ihr Bruder haben den Turm mit dem Aufzug bestiegen, während Sabine aber lieber die Treppen benutzen wollte. (Es sind circa 700 Stufen). Sie schliefen in einem Hotel außerhalb der Stadt. Sie ist dreimal in Berlin, in Barcelona und in der Schweiz gewesen. Sabine reist nicht viel. Sie will mit ihrem Freund nach Paris fahren. Molto bene!!! :D S. was in Paris with her family. She enjoyed the Eiffel tower. Her parents and her brother took the lift, while Sabine preferred to use the stairs. (There are about 700 steps). They slept in a hotel outside the city. She has been to Berlin, Barcelona and Switzerland three times . Sabine does not travel much. She wants to go to Paris with her boyfriend. Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

19. 3rdPHASE/ b: IMPROVING PARTNER’S TEXT 1stSTAGE: • Text improvements change from one participant to another. • 2 types of corrections: • (a) explained in detail • (b) / (c) in form of text recasting (reformulation of a learner’s erroneous output into a target like[one]) Bower J., Kawaguchi S. (2011: 44). • (a) Vom 30. November - 9. Dezember ging ich nach Mailand, … • „ging“ ist die Form des Präteritum (Imperfetto) von „gehen“ • „ich werde gehen“ ist die Futur Form • -->Vom 30. November - 9. DezemberwerdeichnachMailandgehen… • From 30 November to 9 December I went to Milan……… • ‘Went’ is past tense • ‘I’m going’ is the future • From 30 November to 9 December I am going to Milan, … • (b)Mi piace che le tue ferie erano interessanti. Sono contenta che le tue ferie sono state piacevoli. • I am very glad, that your holidays were amazing Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

20. …improving partner’s text (b) Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

21. FOCUS ON FORM 2nd STAGE: Participants are required to reflect on the tandem activities in terms of (un)successful relationship with the partner and of achievement of linguistic and cultural objectives, as well. We describe goals, language activities and grammar skills, which should have been developed during the work and ask participants to fill in the PORTFOLIO that they find in the Navigator. In that way they become aware whether learning process has succeeded or failed somewhere and can plan their further activities consciously and autonomously. Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

22. Teletandem portfolio 2013-14 1st PHASE In the first phase, I performed the following activities, to fulfill the VoIP phase: Did I learn anything new? 2nd PHASE: VoIP SESSION What was especially difficult during the VoIP session? Did my partner help me as I expected? What was particularly wrong in my output? Did I learn anything new? What would I like to improve or do differently in the next VoIP meeting? 3rd PHASE In the 3rd phase I wrote a text in my target language on …. What was particularly wrong in my output?  Did I learn anything new? Did my partner help me as I would have expected: Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

23. Conclusions • Tandem activities improve the learning process of our formal courses because: • FL production and peer-to-peer interaction with NS enhance the development of language and the acquisition of language awareness and autonomy in language learning; • the combination of collaborative asynchronous written and synchronous spoken activitieshelp basic language users to success their learning process: • reading/writing textsasynchronous activities: learners reflect on language because they are far from it, something that is not easily accomplished in speech (O’Rourke,2007). The possibilities of partners‘ collaboration and text sharing supported by the wiki software facilitate this process. • speaking and listening synchronous activities:Partners conversing face to face co-construct meanings collaboratively and negotiate contents and tone. The opportunity of immediate partner’s feedback and moreover of experiencing his/her paralinguistic communication, supports the process of language acquisition. • getting in touch with different ways of life and/or lifestyles: • encourages comparative analysis between learners’ own and other cultures • triggers the acquisition of the cultural dimension of the society speaking the target language. Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - University of Naples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

24. Participants’ feedback M. : The work done through the project "e-tandem" gave me the opportunity to improve my language skills. I learned to express myself in German on topics of everyday life, although using very simple linguistic expressions.We have had some difficulties, because to hold a conversation in a foreign language when you are not proficient causes always nervousness, but my partner always helped me. The project brings us to relate to peers and this is reassuring. Participation in this project was truly an enriching experience. I hope to continue the exchanges with my partner even after the end of the project. I have already discussed this with my partner Julia. Her goal is to learn Italian, my goal is to learn German! Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

25. THANK YOU Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

26. REFERENCES (1) Bower J.; Kawaguchi S., (2011) Negoziation of meaning and corrective feedback in Japanese/English eTandem, in Language Learning & Technology, v.15 n.1 pp. 41-71,, available at http://llt.msu.edu/issues/february2011/bowerkawaguchi.pdf Brammerts,(2001) H., Little D., Leitfaden für das Sprachlernen im Tandem über das Internet, in: Brammerts ,H., D. Little (eds.), Manuskripte zur Sprachlehrforschung 52, elektronische Version, Brammerts, Seminar für Sprachlehrforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum.  Brammerts, H. , (2001), Autonomes Sprachenlernen im Tandem: Entwicklung eines Konzepts, in: Brammerts, H., Kleppin, K. (eds.), Selbstgesteuertes Sprachenlernen im Tandem: Ein Handbuch. Tübingen: Stauffenburg Verlag, pp. 9-16,   Byram M., Gribkova B., Starkely, (2002), H. Developing the intercultural dimension in language teaching. A practical introduction for teachers, Language Policy Division, Directorate of School, Out-of-School and Higher Education, DGIV, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/source/guide_dimintercult_en.pdf Cziko, G. A., (2004), Electronic Tandem Language Learning (eTandem): A Third Approach to Second Language Learning for the 21st Century, in Calico Journal, 22 (1), pp. 25, 39. Gass, S.M., (2007) Input and Interaction, in: Doughty C.J, and Long M.H. The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, Blackwell, Malden USA, 4 , pp. 224, 255. Krashen D.(1981), Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. English Language Teaching series. Prentice-Hall International, London, pp. 6-7.  Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it

27. REFERENCES (2)  Long, M. (1996), The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition, in: W. C. Ritchie & T. K. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of language acquisition. Vol.2: Second language acquisition (pp. 413–468). New York: Academic Press. Long, M. H. (1983). Does second language instruction make a difference? A review of research. (3), TESOL Quarterly, 17, (pp. 359-382). Long, M. H., (1988) , Instructed interlanguage development, in: M. Beebe (ed.), Issues in second language acquisition: Multiple perspectives (pp. 115-41). Cambridge, MA: Newbury House/Harper and Row. Mullen T., Appel C., Shanklin T., (2009) Skype-based Tandem Language Learning and Web 2.0, in: M. Thomas (Ed.), Handbook of research on Web 2.0 and Second Language Learning, Information Science Reference, London, (pp. 101-118). 0’Rourke B. (2007), Models of telecollaboration: eTandem, in: O'Dowd Robert (Ed.), Online Intercultural Exchange: An Introduction for Foreign Language Teachers, Multilinguals Matters LTD, Tonawanda N.Y. 14150,   pp. 41-61. Stahl, G., Koschmann, T., & Suthers, D. (2006), Computer-supported collaborative learning: An historical perspective. In: R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, (pp. 409-426), available at http://GerryStahl.net/cscl/CSCL_English.pdf Swain M.(1985), Communicative Competence: Some roles of Comprehensible Input and Comprehensible Output in its Development , in: Gass, S. Madden, C., (Eds.), Input in Second Language Acquisition, Newbury House, Rowley.  Telles ,J. A.; Vassallo M. L. (2006), Foreign language learning in e-tandem: Theoretical principles and research perspectives in The ESPecialist, 25(1), (pp. 1- 37).  Telles J. A.; Vassallo, M. L.(2006), Foreign language learning in e-tandem: Teletandem as an alternative proposal in CALLT, in: The ESPecialist, vol.27, n° 2,, (pp. 189- 212). Naples-Bochum e-Tandem - Amelia Bandini - UniversityofNaples Federico II - bandini@unina.it