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The Big Value Proposition for Anaerobic Digestion –Biogas

The Big Value Proposition for Anaerobic Digestion –Biogas. Devinder Mahajan AERTC/Stony Brook University, New York, USA Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA The Power of Waste Workshop AERTC, Stony Brook October 14, 2014. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

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The Big Value Proposition for Anaerobic Digestion –Biogas

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  1. The Big Value Proposition for Anaerobic Digestion –Biogas Devinder Mahajan AERTC/Stony Brook University, New York, USA Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA The Power of Waste Workshop AERTC, Stony Brook October 14, 2014

  2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • ■ Collaborators: Tongji University, IUSTI at Tongji U. • D. Tonjes, S. Patel, Tsung-MengYeh • ■ Eco-Secretariat: • U.S.: Department of State / DOE-International • China: NDRC • ■ Project Partners (U.S.) • NSF- Center for Bioenergy Research and Development • (CBERD) / AERTC • Town of Brookhaven • All Power Labs, CA • Oberon Fuels, CA

  3. The L-CEM Group D. Mahajan Coordinator D. Assanis Technical Senior Advisor Business Senior Advisors T. KOGA T-J KIM D. MAHAJAN B. CHU S. BHATIA R. GRUBBS M. SCHOONEN K. LWIZA H. BOKUNIEWICZ S. Mamalis L. MARTIN O. Mante Synthesis CME Chemistry Characterization Geosciences Energy and Water Nexus Marine Sciences Mechanical Eng. Process Simulations Anthropology Process Engineering BNL

  4. Low-Carbon Energy Management (L-CEM) Group • Housed in a New York State funded $45 million facility dedicated for Energy R&D • 12 key faculty and scientists from 6 departments in Stony Brook University (SBU) and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) • 2 Senior technical advisors • Over 20 R&D projects in low-carbon R&D Synthesis L-CEM Laboratories Characterization • FUELS R&D • Synthesis & Characterization Laboratory • Process Engineering Laboratory Energy and Water Nexus Process Simulations Process Engineering

  5. Global Natural Gas Reserves and Consumption > 550 tcm The Economist, 2012 data

  6. Estimated Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions (by Source) U.S. EPA (2006) EPA 430-R-06-003, revised 2012

  7. Facts about Methane Releases* GHG Effect: CH4 ~ 21 (CO2) Fugitive CH4 release data (2013) Global: 882 bcm or 27% of total global CH4 consumption CH4 contribution to total global GHG emissions: 15% Landfills: 30-90 bcm (105 – 315 mboe)* US Landfills #3 source of anthropogenic CH4 emissions 17.7% of all CH4 emissions (103 MMTCO2e) ■ New White House strategy to curb CH4 emissions from landfills, agriculture (35%), Coal mines and Oil & Gas operations (28%) to be developed (April 2014) China 352 MT MSW (50% in landfills) ■ If increased to 70%, 40-80 bcm CH4 will be available as a renewable energy source *Miller et al., PNAS, 2013

  8. Biogas Utilization ► 1 of 30 projects under the U.S. - China Energy & Environment Program Town of Brookhaven Landfill Laogang Landfill Long Island, New York Shanghai, China Methane, m3/day: 28,000 200,000 Main use: Power Power

  9. Methane Production from Landfills Landfill Emissions Over Time

  10. Biogas Composition *RISE-AT (Regional Information Service Center for South East Asia on Appropriate Technology), 1998. Review of current status of anaerobic digestion technology for treatment of municipal solid waste. ** Strik, D.P.B.T.B. et al., 2006. A pH-based control of ammonia in biogas during anaerobic digestion of artificial pig manure and maize silage. Process Biochemistry 41, 1235-1238 *** Rakičan, 2007. Biogas for farming, energy conversion and environment projection Courtesy: M. Smith, USDA, 2009

  11. Biogas vs Natural Gas

  12. Biogas-Derived Products • Biogas Upgrading- Two Steps • Purification: S Removal Purified Biogas Biogas • Usage: CNG, Liquid fuels for transportation, cooking

  13. Biogas to Fuels: Reaction Sequence CO2 - H2S CO2 CH4 CNG CH4 PSA - S Gasoline DME MeOH

  14. Biogas Purification Step 1: S Removal • Known Processing Options • Adsorbents • Metal sponges • Limitation: Stoichiometry (1/1) • Challenge: Increase stoichiometry (>1) • Our System (Under Development) • Increased stoichiometry. • Results confirmed in the laboratory. • Pre-Patent application filed December 2013. • Status • Ready for demonstration at the landfill site

  15. Commercial H2S Removal Systems Metal Sponges Adsorbent CH4 + CO2 CH4 + CO2 H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S M + H2S H2S-M CH4 + H2S+ CO2 CH4 + H2S+ CO2

  16. Mechanism for H2S Removal Commercial Our System CH4 + CO2 CH4 + H2+ CO2 H2SH2S H2S H2S H2S S CH4 + H2S+ CO2 CH4 + H2S+ CO2

  17. Town of Brookhaven Site- Demo Site Site of S-Removal Demonstration Technology

  18. Biogas Conversion- Step 2: Biogas to Fuels Previous Work at BNL-SBU • Challenges: • 1. How to develop peak shaving fuels for power production? • 2. How to utilize small or remote gas fields? • The Answer • Total C utility with product specificity. • Skid-mounted units needed. • Approach: • Process Chemistry • Single-site or Nano-sized catalysts • Process Engineering • Slurry-phase for better heat management

  19. Biogas Conversion Step 2: Biogas to Fuels • Advanced H2S removal technology • Process maximizes C utilization by co-processing CH4 and CO2 in biogas. • Liquid Fuels Technology Options • Biogas to DME (a diesel substitute). • Biogas to Gasoline • Focus on skid-mounted / Off-grid plants. • 1 mscf gas/d; 4500 gallons /d DME

  20. Potential of Biogas: A Long Island, New York Study ■ In New York State, 65% of the waste stream is composed of degradable items in the form of paper and organics. Biogas Sources on LI • Landfills: MSW, C&D, and Yard Waste • Wastewater treatment plants: Sewage sludge • Agricultural residues: Plant waste and animal manure MSW • 3.5 million tons of waste produced annually • Recycled: 1 million tons • Incinerated: 1.5 million tons • Transported off LI: 1 million tons ■ S. Patel, D. Tonjes and D. Mahajan. Biogas potential on Long Island, New York: A quantification study. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 3,(2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3614443.

  21. All Biogas Sources on LI

  22. Long Island (LI) Biogas Study- Conclusions ■ Total annual biogas potential: 224 million m3 ■ Equals2.3 Twh of electricity or 12% of total generated on Long Island from natural gas.

  23. Fugitive Methane MoST Sponsored Workshop Control, Harvesting and Utilization of Fugitive Gases Beijing, CHINA September 24, 2014 Interplay between two molecules CO2 CH4

  24. Harvesting Biogas- Challenges and Solutions ■ Resource potential - Better quantification through modeling ■ Building flexible product options - CHP, Transportation fuels ■ Biogas upgrading - Purification needed for use as fuel in power production and transportation ■ Constraint: Economical modular units

  25. Recent Events– Renewable Methane • The US-China Eco-Partnerships Programme- The U.S.- China Energy-Water Nexus, Beijing, China. April 17-18, 2014. • Sponsor: NSF • The US-China Eco-Partnerships Programme. Forum on Environment and Energy. TongjiUniversity, Shanghai, China. April 22, 2014. • Sponsor: U.S. Consulate-Shanghai and UNEP-Tongji U. • Workshop on Control, Harvesting and Utilization of Fugitive Gases. China-U.S. Technology Transfer, Center, Beijing, China. September 24, 2014. • Sponsor: MoST and UNEP- Tongji U.

  26. Intent to Establish A Center “Control, Harvesting and Utilization of Fugitive Gases” • Identify key R&D challenges in three key areas: • Control • Harvesting • Utilization • Report from the workshop with recommendations

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