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Weight Problems

Weight Problems. Overweight Adults – UK %. Erens & Primatesta 1999. Obese Adults – UK %. Erens & Primatesta 1999. Rise in Childhood Obesity - UK. Bundred et al, BMJ Feb 2001. WHO classification of obesity BMI = weight(kg)/height(m)2.

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Weight Problems

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  1. Weight Problems

  2. Overweight Adults – UK % Erens & Primatesta 1999

  3. Obese Adults – UK % Erens & Primatesta 1999

  4. Rise in Childhood Obesity - UK Bundred et al, BMJ Feb 2001

  5. WHO classification of obesityBMI = weight(kg)/height(m)2 World Health Organisation. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva: WHO, 1997 [3]

  6. Three people have the following heights: 1.65m; 1.73 m; 1.85m They each have a BMI of 30. Calculate their body masses.

  7. 1.65m = 81.7 kg1.73m = 89.8 kg1.83m = 100.5 kg

  8. cm Body fat distributionApple shaped obesity Women Men >88 cm (80cm) = Increased risk >102 cm (90cm) = Increased risk Lean MEJ et al. Lancet; 1998; 351:853-6

  9. Waist Measurement or BMI?

  10. Causes of Obesity Energy Expenditure Energy Intake nutritional, activity levels, endocrine, genetic, drugs

  11. The Costs of Obesity • £4.6 billion pa, UK (2007) • Direct • Death, health service expend, drug prescription charges, hospital costs, • Indirect • Disability, unemployment, early retirement • 18 million sick days, 40 000 lost years working life, obese die 9 years earlier • Intangible • Loss self esteem, relationships, pain

  12. Physical Effects of Obesity Stroke Respiratory disease Cardiovascular Diabetes Gall bladder disease Osteoarthritis Hormonal abnormalities Cancer gout

  13. Benefits of 10% Weight Loss Jung 1997

  14. Obesity in practice • GP average has 2000 patients • 800 overweight adults BMI > 25 • 320 obese adults BMI > 30 • 16 morbidly obese adults BMI > 40 • 30% increase appointments and prescriptions in last 10 years • 95% will see GP in 5 years • 130 will die of the disease each year

  15. Men and their trousers • 50% of men wear their trousers too tight • only 10% admit to it • 45% of men thought they were overweight • 30% hated their stomach most of all Prof Steven Gray, NTU, 1999

  16. Men and weight loss • Men are reluctant to seek medical advice to lose weight, until after they have developed a medical problem • Less than one fifth GP or hospital obesity clinic patients are male • Women are the driving force behind men’s health

  17. Is this man too big for his trousers…?

  18. What about this man..?

  19. Or this one..?

  20. The perfect male..?

  21. …and the perfect female??

  22. WHO April 2001 “Obesity cannot be prevented or managed solely by governments (or health professionals). The food industry, the media, communities and individuals need to work together so that the environment is less conducive to weight gain”

  23. Copy this table, and make a list of practical things each group could do to tackle obesity:

  24. LDL and HDL formation Identify stages 1-5

  25. Atherosclerosis Collagen fibre Platelet Plaque Red cells Cholesterol

  26. Risk of CHD increases if: Blood cholesterol > 5 mmol dm-3 Blood LDLs > 3 mmol dm-3 Blood HDL < 1 mmol dm-3 Ratio of HDL:LDL should be 4:1 or better

  27. Worked examples

  28. What is meant by the ‘prevalence’ of a disease? (1) Prevalence means “The number of people in a population with that disease.”

  29. Q. “What is the prevalence of obesity in England in 2007” (2) (answer from data in table or graph) In England in 2007, 17% of men and 21% of women were estimated as being obese (BMI > 30)

  30. Q. “What are the main ‘risk factors’ for CHD?” (4) Diet rich in saturated fatty acids Lack of exercise (low PAL) BMI > 30 ( obese) Heredity Hypertension ( high BP)

  31. Q. “How does a high salt diet lead to hypertension?” (4) Salt in the blood lowers water potential Water is drawn into blood from tissues by osmosis Blood volume increases Heart needs to work harder to pressurise this volume of blood

  32. What happens when Energy Intake is lower than expenditure…?

  33. Anorexic or fashion victim?

  34. True ‘Starvation’ – a disease called MARASMUS. What symptoms can you see? Very thin (skeletal) Papery skin Weak and Miserable

  35. Still world-wide malnutrition…WHY?

  36. Kwashiorkor

  37. Give three recognisable signs of kwashiorkor.

  38. Prep – A4 essay for next week: Explain the term ‘malnutrition’ You must include the 4 PEM diseases: Anorexia, Obesity, Marasmus, Kwashiorkor

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