digestive-system

Overview of the Digestive System Digestive System Nervous System of the Digestive System The Peritoneum The Alimentary Canal ] Layers of the Alimentary Canal Digestive System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

The Stomach Digestive System(continued) The Liver The Gallbladder The Pancreas ] The Small Intestine Digestive System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

The Large Intestine Digestive System(continued) Chemical Digestion Absorption Phases of Digestion ] Digestive System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System > Overview of the Digestive System Overview of the Digestive System • Anatomy of the Digestive System • Processes and Functions of the Digestive System • Organs of the Digestive System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/overview-of-the-digestive-system-216/

Digestive System > Nervous System of the Digestive System Nervous System of the Digestive System • Enteric Nervous System • Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathways Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/nervous-system-of-the-digestive-system-217/

Digestive System > The Peritoneum The Peritoneum • The Peritoneum Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/the-peritoneum-218/

Digestive System > The Alimentary Canal The Alimentary Canal • Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/the-alimentary-canal-1376/

Digestive System > Layers of the Alimentary Canal Layers of the Alimentary Canal • Mucosa • Submucosa • Muscularis • Serosa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/layers-of-the-alimentary-canal-219/

Digestive System > The Stomach The Stomach • Gross Anatomy of the Stomach • Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach • Digestive Properties of the Stomach Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/the-stomach-221/

Digestive System > The Liver The Liver • The Liver • Anatomy of the Liver • Histology of the Liver • Blood Supply to the Liver • Liver Function • Bile Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/the-liver-1377/

Digestive System > The Gallbladder The Gallbladder • The Gallbladder • Anatomy of the Gallbladder Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/the-gallbladder-1378/

Digestive System > The Pancreas The Pancreas • Pancreas • Anatomy of the Pancreas • Histology of the Pancreas • Pancreatic Juice Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/the-pancreas-1379/

Digestive System > The Small Intestine The Small Intestine • Anatomy of the Small Intestine • Histology of the Small Intestine • Digestive Processes of the Small Intestine Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/the-small-intestine-222/

Digestive System > The Large Intestine The Large Intestine • Anatomy of the Large Intestine • Histology of the Large Intestine • Bacterial Flora • Digestive Processes of the Large Intestine • Absorption and Feces Formation in the Large Intestine • Defecation Reflex Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/the-large-intestine-223/

Digestive System > Chemical Digestion Chemical Digestion • Mechanisms of Chemical Digestion • Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/chemical-digestion-224/

Digestive System > Absorption Absorption • Absorption in the Small Intestine • Absorption of Monosaccharides, Amino Acids, Dipeptides, Tripeptides, Lipids, Electrolytes, Vitamins, and Water Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/absorption-225/

Digestive System > Phases of Digestion Phases of Digestion • Cephalic Phase • Gastric Phase • Intestinal Phase • Hormones of the Digestive System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/digestive-system-23/phases-of-digestion-226/

Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System Key terms • acini An acinus (adjective: acinar; plural: acini) refers to any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed berry, such as a raspberry (acinus is Latin for berry). • adenoid One of the two folds of lymphatic tissue covered by ciliated epithelium. They are found in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx at the back of the throat behind the uvula. They may obstruct normal breathing and make speech difficult when swollen—a condition often called adenitis. • alimentary canal The organs of a human or a non-human animal through which food passes. • alveolar arch The part of the upper or lower jawbones in which the teeth are set. • amylase Any of a class of digestive enzymes that are present in saliva and that break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch, into simple sugars, such as glucose. • amylase Any of a class of digestive enzymes that are present in saliva and that break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch, into simpler sugars, such as glucose. • anal canal The terminal part of the large intestine, situated between the rectum and anus. • anal sphincter A ring muscle that surrounds the anus (anal orifice). • antrum A bodily cavity, especially one having bony walls, especially in the sinuses. • appendix An inner organ without any known use that can become inflamed. • autolyze To destroy itself; to be destroyed by its own enzymes. • bacterial flora A community of bacteria that exists on or in the body, and possesses a unique ecological relationship with the host. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • bile A bitter, brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow secretion produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum, where it aids the process of digestion. • bile A bitter, brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow secretion produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum, where it aids the process of digestion. • bolus Moistened and mechanically manipulated food. • Brunner's glands Compound, tubular, submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum that is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi). • cecum A pouch, usually peritoneal, that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. • cephalic phase This occurs before food enters the stomach, especially while it is being eaten. • chemical digestion A process that involves the action of enzymes to break down food into components that can be absorbed by the small intestine. • chief cell A cell located in the stomach and parathyroid gland that secretes precursor enzymes. • chyme The thick, semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum. • coelom A fluid-filled cavity within the body of an animal. The digestive system is suspended within the cavity that is lined by a tissue called the peritoneum. • cofactors A substance, especially a coenzyme or a metal, that must be present for an enzyme to function. • colitis An inflammation of the colon or the large intestine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • colon The part of the large intestine that is the final segment of the digestive system, after (distal to) the ileum and before (proximal to) the anus. • columnar epithelium Epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. • conditioned reflex A response, to a stimulus, that has been acquired by operant conditioning. • constipation A state of the bowels in which the evacuations are infrequent and difficult, or the intestines become filled with hardened feces. • defecation The act or process of voiding feces from the bowels. • diffusion The act of diffusing or dispersing something, or the property of being diffused or dispersed; dispersion. • digestive enzymes Enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks to facilitate their absorption by the body. • duodenum The first part of the small intestine that starts at the lower end of the stomach and extending to the jejunum. • enteric nervous system A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system. • enteroendocrine cells Specialized endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract that produce hormones such as serotonin, somatostatin, motilin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and enteroglucagon. • enterogastric reflex One of the three extrinsic reflexes of the gastrointestinal tract that is stimulated by the presence of acid levels in the duodenum or in the stomach. It releases acids and controls the release of stomach proteins such as gastrin. • enterogastric reflex One of three extrinsic reflexes of the gastrointestinal tract that is stimulated by the presence of acid levels in the duodenum or in the stomach that cause the release of gastrin from the G cells in the antrum of the stomach. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • enteroglucagon A peptide hormone derived from preproglucagon that is secreted from the mucosal cells, primarily of the colon and terminal ileum, that follows ingestion of a mixed meal to delay gastric emptying. • epigastrium The upper middle region of the abdomen, between the umbilical and hypochondriac regions. • epiglottis A cartilaginous organ in the throat of terrestrial vertebrates that covers the glottis when swallowing to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea. In Homo sapiens it is also a speech organ. • esophagus An organ in vertebrates that is a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. • esophagus The esophagus is an organ in vertebrates that consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. • feces Digested waste material that is discharged from the bowels; excrement. • gallbladder In vertebrates, a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. • gallstones Small, hard objects, in the shape of a pebble, that sometimes form in the gallbladder or bile duct that are composed of cholesterol, bile pigments, and calcium salts. • gastric phase The second phase of digestion that follows mastication (chewing) and takes place in the stomach. • gastrin A hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach. • gastrin A hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach. • gastrocolic reflex One of the three extrinsic physiological reflexes that control the motility or peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract; it involves an increase in the motility of the colon, creates the urge to defecate along with the gastroileal reflex, and helps make room for food in the stomach. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • gastroileal reflex One of the three extrinsic reflexes of the gastrointestinal tract that works with the gastrocolic reflex to stimulate the urge to defecate. This reflex is stimulated by the opening of the ileocecal valve and moves the digested contents from the ileum of the small intestine into the colon for compaction. • gastrointestinal tract This tract consists of the stomach and intestine, and sometimes includes all the structures from the mouth to the anus. The digestive system is a broader term that includes other structures, including the accessory organs of digestion, such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. • goblet cell • goblet cells Glandular, simple, columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. • greater omentum A large fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach. • gut flora The microorganisms that normally live in the digestive tract of animals. • hard palate The bony roof of the mouth, located ventrally to the soft palate. • hepatic arteries A blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. • hepatic portal vein A vessel located in the abdominal cavity that is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins that channel blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the capillary beds in the liver. • hepatocyte Any of the cells in the liver responsible for the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, and for detoxification. • hydrolysis The degradation of certain biopolymers (proteins, complex sugars) by the chemical process that results in smaller polymers or monomers, such as amino acids or monosaccharides. • IGF A hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. It plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults. A synthetic analog of IGF-1, mecasermin is used for the treatment of growth failure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • ileum The last, and usually the longest, division of the small intestine; the part between the jejunum and large intestine. • intestinal wall The wall of the small intestine is composed of four layers, from the outside to the inside: serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. • intraperitoneal Within the cavity of the peritoneum. • islets of Langerhans Regions in the pancreas that contain its endocrine cells. • jejunum The central of the three divisions of the small intestine that lies between the duodenum and the ileum. • lactose intolerance The inability to fully metabolize lactose. • large intestine The second to last part of the digestive system comprised of the cecum and colon. • lipase Any of a group of enzymes that catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids. • liver A large organ in the body that stores and metabolizes nutrients, destroys toxins, and produces bile. It is responsible for thousands of biochemical reactions. • liver disease Also called hepatic disease, this is an umbrella term referring to damage to or disease of the liver. • lobule A subdivision of the four main liver lobes, the basic functional unit of the liver. • lower gastrointestinal tract This tract includes most of the small intestine and all of the large intestine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • lumen The inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine. • lymphatic The system that carries a clear fluid called lymph that is formed from interstitial fluid collected through the capillaries. • mastication The process of physical and mechanical breakdown of food; chewing. • mastication The process of mechanical breakdown by the teeth; also known as chewing. • mechanical digestion The breaking down of food into digestible chunks, normally using the teeth. • mesentery The membrane that attaches the intestines to the wall of the abdomen and maintains their position in the abdominal cavity to supply them with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. • motilin A polypeptide that has a role in fat metabolism. • mouth The opening of a organism through which food is ingested. • mucin A family of high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins (glycoconjugates) produced by the epithelial tissues in most metazoans. • mucous membrane A membrane that secretes mucus. It forms the lining of various body passages that communicate with the air, such as the respiratory, genitourinary, and alimentary tracts. • mucus A slippery secretion from the lining of the mucous membranes. • muscularis externa A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • muscularis externa A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body that is adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movements, such as peristalsis. • muscularis mucosae Also called the lamina muscularis mucosae, this is the thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It is located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separates it from the submucosa. • nerve A bundle of neurons with their connective tissue sheaths, blood vessels, and lymphatics. • oblique layer This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. • pancreas A gland near the stomach that secretes a fluid into the duodenum to help with food digestion. • pancreatic fluid A liquid secreted by the pancreas that contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, and amylase. • parasympathetic ganglia The autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system; they lie near or within (respectively) the organs they innervate. • passive diffusion The net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without any energy input. • peptidase Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptides into amino acids; a protease. • peristalsis The rhythmic, wave-like contraction of both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle fibers within the digestive tract that forces food through it. • peritoneum In mammals, the serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen and that is folded over the viscera. • Peyer's patches Patches of lymphoid tissue or lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileum in the small intestine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • pharynx The part of the alimentary canal that extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus. • pleural cavity The body cavity that surrounds the lungs and is enclosed by the pleura. • plicae circulares These circular folds (known as the valves of Kerckring or the valvulae conniventes) are large, valvular flaps that project into the lumen of the bowel. • polysaccharide A polymer made of many saccharide units that are linked by glycosidic bonds. • pylorus The opening in a vertebrate, including humans, at the lower end of the stomach that opens into the duodenum. • rectum The terminal part of the large intestine through which feces pass. • retroperitoneal Located outside of the peritoneum. • saccharolytic The breakdown of carbohydrates for energy. • saliva A clear, slightly alkaline liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands that consists of water, mucin, protein, and enzymes. It moistens the mouth, lubricates ingested food, and begins the breakdown of starches. • secretin A peptide hormone secreted by the duodenum that serves to regulate its acidity. • serosa A membrane that lines an internal cavity to protect the contents and secretes serum. • serous membrane A thin membrane that secretes serum that lines an internal body cavity, such as the peritoneum, the pericardium, and the pleura. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • small intestine The upper part of the intestine, between the stomach and the large intestine, that is divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. • small intestine A winding, digestive tube and the site of large scale nutrient absorption comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. • somatostatin A polypeptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that inhibits the production of certain other hormones. • sphincter A ringlike band of muscle that surrounds a bodily opening and constricts and relaxes as required for normal physiological functioning. • stomach An organ in animals that stores and breaks down food in the process of digestion. • submucosa A layer of connective tissue beneath a mucous membrane. • tiniae coli These are three, separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons. • trypsin A digestive enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds (a serine protease). • upper gastrointestinal tract This tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. • uvula A soft, punching-bag-like piece of tissue that hangs at the back of the mouth and functions in closing the air passages during swallowing, in conjunction with the epiglottis of the trachea. • uvula The fleshy appendage that hangs from the back of the palate and closes the nasopharynx during swallowing. • villi Tiny, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System • vitamin Any of a specific group of organic compounds essential in small quantities for healthy human growth, metabolism, development, and body function that are found in minute amounts in plant and animal foods or sometimes produced synthetically; deficiencies of specific vitamins produce specific disorders. • zymogen A proenzyme, or enzyme precursor, that requires a biochemical change (i.e., hydrolysis) to become an active form of the enzyme. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Digestive System The gallbladder, labeled An illustration of the gallbladder from Gray's Anatomy with each section labeled. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "Gray1095_parts." Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1095_parts.pngView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Layers of the gallbladder A micrograph of the layers of a gallbladder. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "Gallbladder - intermed mag." CC BY-SA 3.0http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gallbladder_-_intermed_mag.jpgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Pancreatic fluid A schematic diagram that shows pancreatic acini and the ducts where fluid is created and released. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Pancreatic." CC BY-SA 3.0http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Pancreas_secretions2.pngView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Section of duodenum This image shows the layers of the duodenum: the serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Duodenum." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Gray1058.pngView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Pancreas This image shows the location of the pancreas relative to other organs. The pancreas is seen positioned with the duodenum slightly on top of it and next to the right kidney. The pancreas crosses above the left kidney. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Pancreas." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Pancreas.jpgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Parts of a pancreas 1: Head of pancreas 2: Uncinate process of pancreas 3: Pancreatic notch 4: Body of the pancreas 5: Anterior surface of the pancreas 6: Inferior surface of the pancreas 7: Superior margin of the pancreas 8: Anterior margin of the pancreas 9: Inferior margin of the pancreas 10: Omental tuber 11: Tail of the pancreas 12: Duodenum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Pancreas." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Digestive enzymes Table of the major digestive enzymes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Table of Digestive Enzymes." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Major_digestive_enzymes.pngView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Small intestine An illustration of the small intestine with the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum labeled. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Small intestine." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Micrograph of the small intestine A low-magnification micrograph of small intestinal mucosa that shows villi. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Small intestinal mucosa." CC BY-SA 3.0http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Small_intestine_low_mag.jpgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Large intestine A schematic of the large intestine, with the colon marked as follows: cecum; 1) ascending colon; 2) transverse colon; 3) descending colon; 4) sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Large Intestine." CC BY-SA 2.5http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Colon_scheme.svgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Sigmoid colon A photograph of the large bowel (sigmoid colon) that shows multiple diverticula on either side of the longitudinal muscle bundle (Taenia coli). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Large Bowel." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Diverticula,_sigmoid_colon.jpgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Colon biopsy Micrograph of a colon biopsy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Colon biopsy." CC BY-SA 3.0http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Melanosis_coli_high_mag.jpgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Bacterial flora Escherichia coli is one of the many species of bacteria present in the human gut. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "E. Coli." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Small intestine This image shows the position of the small intestine in the gastrointestinal tract. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Small intestine." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Hydrolysis of peptide bond Proteins and polypeptides are digested by hydrolysis of the C–N bond. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Amino acid4." CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amino_acid4.pngView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Digestive processes in large intestine This image shows the relationship of the colon to the other parts of the digestive system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Colon." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Intestine-diagram.svgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System The gastric phase of digestion During the gastric phase, gastrin is secreted. The stomach stretches and churns while enzymes break down proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Digestion." CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion%23Digestive_hormonesView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Bacterial flora Escherichia coli, one of the many species of bacteria present in the human gut. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "E. Coli." Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpgView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Defecation reflex The conscious and parasympathetic pathways of the defecation reflex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Defecation reflex." CC BY-SA 3.0http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Defecation_reflex.pngView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Hydrolysis by amylase Both the parotid and pancreatic amylases hydrolyse the 1:4 link, but not the terminal 1:4 links or the 1:6 links. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Amylase hydrolysisl 1-4." CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amylase_hydrolysisl_1-4.pngView on Boundless.com

Digestive System Catabolism A simplified outline of the catabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "File:Catabolism schematic.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Catabolism_schematic.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

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