The student will demonstrate an understanding of the organization of living systems.

1. Objective 2: Biology The student will demonstrate an understanding of the organization of living systems. TAKS Review, Objective 2

2. Living things are . . . • Made of cells • Grow and develop • Respond to the environment • Use energy • Reproduce TAKS Review, Objective 2

3. Cells are organized into. . . • Tissues - like types of cells • Tissue form organs • Organs that work together form organ systems • Organ systems that work together make an organism TAKS Review, Objective 2

4. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the lining of the stomach. What is its function? Calories are how the energy contained in food is measured. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. ‘Lipids’ is the name for fats and oils. TAKS Review, Objective 2

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7. Taxonomy - how to classify life TAKS Review, Objective 2

8. The taxonomy divisions from largest to smallest are: Kingdom (6) Phylum Class Order Family Genus species 49 Which of these classificationsis most specific? A Family B Genus C Phylum D Order TAKS Review, Objective 2

9. All three are multicellular TAKS Review, Objective 2

10. The Six Kingdoms – the largest groupings of living things Plantae Fungi Animalia Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista TAKS Review, Objective 2

11. Animal Kingdom(Animalia) • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • Includes all vertebrates (one major phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla) • Insects, jellyfish, people…… all are animals TAKS Review, Objective 2

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13. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular & Autotrophic ~ all plants perform photosynthesis Examples: mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants (grasses, trees, shrubs, most garden plants, wildflowers) TAKS Review, Objective 2

14. chloroplast Large vacuole Cell wall – Be careful… Fungi & plants have walls…….. TAKS Review, Objective 2

15. Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular & some single-celled • Most of these organisms are decomposers • Includes mushrooms, yeasts, molds, and infections like athlete's foot TAKS Review, Objective 2

16. Fungi are eukaryotic. Athlete’s foot mushroom Bread mold TAKS Review, Objective 2

17. So, how do they DIFFER from animals? TAKS Review, Objective 2

18. Kingdoms of Single-CelledOrganisms • Protista • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria TAKS Review, Objective 2

19. WHY?? TAKS Review, Objective 2

20. TAKS Review, Objective 2

21. Kingdom Protista Largest source of food and oxygen for the entire planet. Includes plankton, amoeba, and ciliates (like the paramecium) Described as – unicellular eukaryotes • What is the significance of “A?” • How do you know that this is not a prokaryotic organism? What are the clues? TAKS Review, Objective 2

22. Prokaryotic Kingdoms - Cells without membrane-bound organelles 1. Kingdom Eubacteria: Unicellular prokaryotes, often decomposers 2. Kingdom Archaebacteria: Unicellular prokaryotes from extreme environments TAKS Review, Objective 2

23. F growth G defense H digestion J respiration Kingdom of Bacteria has beneficial and harmful members The best answer here is H, since digestive systems of mammals contain many bacteria. Bacteria found in the respiratory system usually result in illness, which would trigger the defenses; not help the organism 8 Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with — TAKS Review, Objective 2

24. Binomial Classification • Living things are given a two-part scientific name. The first part is the Genus which is capitalized. The second part is the species name, which is never capitalized. • Scientific names are used because the same plant or animal in different places may have different common names. • Man’s scientific name is Homo sapiens TAKS Review, Objective 2

25. 12 The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is most closely related to the F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus TAKS Review, Objective 2

26. Which are closely related? Which are most distantly related? TAKS Review, Objective 2

27. F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus Genus is always a capital letter, species is lower case. Most closely related would be in the same genus, Rana. ANSWER? H Related (in biological terms) means family, genus, species. TAKS Review, Objective 2

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29. The Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden, Robert Virchow, and Robert Brown all contributed to the formation of the cell theory, which states: • 1. All living things are composed of cells. • 2. Cells are the smallest working units of living things. • 3. All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division. TAKS Review, Objective 2

30. The Eukaryotic Plant Cell TAKS Review, Objective 2

31. The Eukaryotic Animal Cell TAKS Review, Objective 2

32. Cell PartFunction TAKS Review, Objective 2

33. TAKS Review, Objective 2

34. The cell membrane has many roles including maintaining homeostasis: structure, regulating transport of nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell, and basic protection of the cell. TAKS Review, Objective 2

35. Be familiar with the structure and function of parts of cells including bacteria. In biology….always consider FORM & FUNCTION!! TAKS Review, Objective 2

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37. Why? The muscle involved (the bicep) will contract (shorten), and raise the upper arm. Choices one and four are bones and cannot cause movement by themselves. Choice #2 is a tendon whose major function is attachment, not movement TAKS Review, Objective 2

38. Viruses are different from cells and have different properties and functions. TAKS Review, Objective 2

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40. This is the only answer that makes sense…. Why are A, B and D not good choices? TAKS Review, Objective 2

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43. Plant cells have….. but animal cells don’t • Chloroplasts – organelle responsible for photosynthesis • Cell Walls – a structure outside of the membrane to provide support • Large vacuoles to store extra water TAKS Review, Objective 2

44. This is a typical plant cell • It contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, a very large vacuole. • Why do plants need large vacuoles? • ANSWER: This is where food and water are stored. TAKS Review, Objective 2

45. 52 Compared to annual rings of trees that have experienced years of sufficient rainfall, the annual rings of trees that have experienced a dry period will — F be softer G grow at a faster rate H be thinner J photosynthesize at a faster rate These 3 would indicate more water, not less TAKS Review, Objective 2

46. Which structure regulates gas exchange during the processes of photosynthesis and respiration? A Q B R C S D T TAKS question = stomata TAKS Review, Objective 2

47. Plant Adaptations TAKS Review, Objective 2

48. The Temperate Forest TAKS Review, Objective 2

49. The Desert TAKS Review, Objective 2

50. The Tundra TAKS Review, Objective 2