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Zionist Paramilitary Organisations

Zionist Paramilitary Organisations. The 'Irgun'. In the Beginning. Haganah and the schism Revisionist Zionism Ze’ev Jabotinsky. Differences. Yishuv and the World Zionist Organisation Youth Propaganda Increasing militarism and training. 1936-1939 Arab Revolt. April 1937

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Zionist Paramilitary Organisations

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  1. Zionist Paramilitary Organisations The 'Irgun'

  2. In the Beginning • Haganah and the schism • Revisionist Zionism • Ze’ev Jabotinsky

  3. Differences • Yishuv and the World Zionist Organisation • Youth Propaganda • Increasing militarism and training

  4. 1936-1939 Arab Revolt • April 1937 Total breakaway from Haganah • Military training in practice • An “eye for an eye” retaliation • November 1937 An increase in attacks

  5. A Second Irgun Split? • David Raziel • Revisionist • Arabs are the enemy • Avraham Stern • Political independence • British are the enemy

  6. The ‘White Paper’ • Regulates immigration and landownership • Rejected by both Arabs and Zionist Organisations • Escalation of violence • Arrests at Headquarters • World War I • Truces

  7. Stern Succeeds (July 17, 1940) • Stern calls for… • End to truce with Britain • Disassociation from Revisionist party • Members split • Death of Raziel • Resurgence against the Nazis

  8. “The Revolt” • British remain adamant no Jewish units of the army to be created • Menachem Begin arrives; newfound expectations • 1 Feb, 1944: Irgun announces revolt vs. British Mandatory Govt. • “The White Paper is still in effect. It is enforced, despite the betrayal of the Arabs and the loyalty of the Jews; “

  9. “The Revolt” • Demand transfer to rule of Jewish Govt. • Mass evacuation of European Jews • Signing of treaties with any state that recognises Jewish state's sovereignty • Granting of social justice to state's residence • Full equality with Arab population • NB. initially weak campaign

  10. “The Revolt” • First attack: 12 February 1944; no casualties • Pre-Yom Kippur 1944 • No British officers to come to Western Wall • Attacking of police stations, weapons stolen • Begin, The Revolt (1977) • “History and experience taught us that if we are able to destroy the prestige of the British in Palestine, the regime will break.”

  11. Jewish Resistance Movement • Labour Party elected, 1945: does not see end of anti-Zionism in Britain • JRM formed • Consolidated armed resistance to the British • 1946: worsening tensions • Operation Agatha • Police and military operation by British officers • Attempted to dissuade Zionist paramilitary groups from continuing attacks against British troops • The Manchester Guardian: • “British firmness” brought about more terrorism

  12. Bombing of the King David Hotel • Jerusalem, 22 July 1946 • 91 deaths (various nationalities), 46 injured • Most deadly attack of Mandate era • KDH = site of central offices of British Mandatory authorities of Palestine • Ambiguity over warning/hoax • Sir John Shaw case

  13. Jewish Resistance Movement • “The Night of the Beatings” • Following 18 years, 18 beatings • The Sergeants Affair • Seen as a major influence on the British govt. to end the Mandate and withdraw from Palestine completely

  14. The IDF and the Altalena Affair • 14 May 1948: Establishment of state of Israel • Followed by establishment of Israel Defence Forces • June 1: Begin and Yisrael Galili's agreement • June 20: Altalena arrives on Israeli shores • Violation of ceasefire and UNSC Res. 50 • Ben Gurion: “If [Begin does not cease his activities], we will open fire!”

  15. The IDF and the Altalena Affair • Two confrontations: Kfar Vitkin and Tel Aviv • Uri Avnery (writer; founder of Israeli peace movement) • Considered Begin's restraint hugely influential • Ben Gurion eventually orders shelling of Altalena • 3 IDF dead; 16 Irgun dead, 200 captured • Irgun militants fully integrated • NB. Jerusalem Battalion

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