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Understanding Ecological Interactions: Predation, Parasitism, and Mutualism

This overview explores various ecological interactions within biological communities, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition. Each relationship is defined with examples, such as a bear feeding on salmon (predation) or ants protecting aphids (mutualism). The concepts of niche, fundamental and realized niche, and competitive exclusion provide insight into how species coexist and interact. Additionally, the role of biodiversity is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of species diversity and their relative abundance in ecosystems.

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Understanding Ecological Interactions: Predation, Parasitism, and Mutualism

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  1. Write in your journal the DEFINITIONS: PREDATION PARASITISM COMMENSALISM MUTUALISM COMPETITION

  2. Biological Communities

  3. Coevolution • Back-and-Forth evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of a community. • Ex: a moth pollinating an orchid flower • Click for video • http://www.dnatube.com/video/1882/Darwins-Comet-Orchid

  4. Predation • One organism killing another for food • ex: A grizzly bear eating a salmon fish

  5. Parasitism • A parasite does not kill it’s prey. They depend on their prey (host) for food and a place to live. The parasite feeds on the host. • Ex: Mosquitoes suck human and animal blood.

  6. Secondary Compounds • To discourage herbivores, plants contain chemicals that may be toxic to insects or animals. • Ex: tobacco has a natural insecticide (kills the insect) known as nicotine.

  7. Symbiosis • This is when 2 or more species live together long term. These relationships can benefit both species or just one.

  8. Mutualism • This is a type of symbiotic relationship. Both species benefit in this situation. • Ex: ants suck an altered fluid containing sucrose (sugar) from aphids while they feed. The ants in turn protect the aphids from predators.

  9. Commensalism • This is a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits, but the other species is not harmed. • Ex: clown fish (Nemo) and the sea anemone

  10. Competition • When two species use the same resource. A resource could be the habitat or food source.

  11. Niche • This is how the organism lives. What “job” they perform in the ecosystem. • What do they eat? • Where do they live?

  12. Fundamental Niche • The entire range of resource opportunities for an organism. The variables that decide this are temperature, what the organism eats, and what time of year it mates.

  13. Realized Niche • This is part of the fundamental niche that an organism actually inhabits. • Ex: Cape May Warbler only feeds on insects at the top of the tree.

  14. Competitive Exclusion • When two species are competing for the same resources. The species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other species.

  15. Biodiversity • This is a measure of both the number of different species in a community and the relative numbers of each species.

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