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Election of 1960

John Kennedy Democrat. Richard Nixon Republican. Election of 1960. 1 st Televised Presidential Debate. “Camelot”. the “best and the brightest” “New Frontier” NASA and the Moon Project cuts taxes, raises min. wage increases defense spending Peace Corps

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Election of 1960

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  1. John Kennedy Democrat Richard Nixon Republican Election of 1960 1st Televised Presidential Debate

  2. “Camelot” • the “best and the brightest” • “New Frontier” • NASA and the Moon Project • cuts taxes, raises min. wage • increases defense spending • Peace Corps • proposes some civil rights reforms • Ended with his assassination in Nov. of 1963 • VP Lyndon Baines Johnson

  3. Important Cold War Events1960-1963 • Berlin Wall • Cuba • Castro’s Revolution • Bay of Pigs • Cuban Missile Crisis • Test Ban Treaty-1962 • “hotline” • American involvement in Vietnam

  4. The Origins of the Vietnam War Cold War Continued

  5. The Vietnam War Memorial Ryan McFarland and direct a link to www.zieak.com. 

  6. Conclusion • 58,000 US dead • 300,000 wounded • $150 billion • 8 million tons of bombs (64 Hiroshimas) • 2+million Vietnamese dead • America’s 1st “lost war” • deep divisions in the cultural life of the country

  7. The Vietnam War • The 1st Indochina War • A national war of liberation caught in the context of the Cold War French Indochina 1945

  8. The 1st Indochina War • French • colonial power • Vietnamese • independence

  9. France fights to keep its colony. • “First Indochina War”—8 years.

  10. Vietnam has a long history of resistance to foreign occupiers • Chinese • French • Japanese

  11. Viet Minh nationalist movement seeking independence for Viet Nam • Sept. 2, 1945 –Ho Chi Minh declares independence

  12. Because of the Cold War… • Truman decides to aid the French • “containment” • $2.6 billion 1950-1954 • US pays 80% by 1954 US actions

  13. French are defeated at Dien Bien Phu1954 outcome

  14. Viet Minh France China Cambodia Laos USSR US UK temporary division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel Ho and the Viet Minh in North US/French-backed government in the South elections scheduled for 1956 to reunite Geneva Accords

  15. US Response Eisenhower’s “Domino Theory” Second Indochina War 1954-1975 US supplies money, materiel and military advisors

  16. After French defeat, US supported the South’s Ngo Dinh Diem • aristocrat • rejected land reform • cronyism • Catholic • cancels national election, rigs local referendum

  17. National Liberation Front resists the Diem regime • “Viet Cong” • Communists and members of Viet Minh in the South • insurgency against US-supported government in the South

  18. Monks protest Diem June 11, 1963, Thich Quang Duc, a Buddhist monk from Vietnam, burned himself to death at a busy intersection in downtown Saigon to bring attention to the repressive policies of the Catholic Diem regime that controlled the South Vietnamese government at the time. Buddhist monks asked the regime to lift its ban on flying the traditional Buddhist flag, to grant Buddhism the same rights as Catholicism, to stop detaining Buddhists and to give Buddhist monks and nuns the right to practice and spread their religion. While burning Thich Quang Duc never moved a muscle

  19. JFK continues “containment” • strengthened South’s army “ARVN” • pressured Diem for reform • By 1962 – 9,000 military advisers • Nov. 1963 • coup d’etat against Diem • assassination of JFK

  20. Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) • keeps Kennedy’s advisors • needs to appear tough on Communism-1964 election • needs political cause to escalate war

  21. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • NVN torpedo boats fire on US destroyers • “unprovoked” • president can “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against US forces and to protect against further aggression” • “like grandma’s nightshirt—it covers everything”

  22. Operation Rolling ThunderMarch 1965-October 1968 • 3 year bombing campaign against NVN • military targets • then all economic targets • Ho Chi Minh Trail

  23. 1st regular ground combat troops troops arrive in Da Nang (major US air base) 3,500 arrive March, 1965

  24. In spite of dropping more bombs, by 1967, than we had used in all WWII, the Vietnamese fight on. Americans are failing to defeat their enemy. Why?

  25. General William Westmoreland

  26. US objective • “war of attrition” • destroy VietCong resistance • negotiate a political settlement • therefore, “body counts” • Ho: “You can kill 10 of us for every 1 of you, but you will lose and we will win”

  27. US tactics • aerial bombardment • napalm • herbicides (Agent Orange) • “search and destroy patrols” • “pacification program” – we had to destroy the village in order to save it

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