The Age of Imperialism

1. The Age of Imperialism

2. The Age of Imperialism Begins • Imperialism- The policy of extending authority and control over another territory or country • Age of Imperialism lasts from 1850’s until about 1910 • Causes of Modern Imperialism • The Industrial Revolution • Nations always looking for available raw material for their factories • Always searching for new markets • Nationalism-feelings of cultural pride, loyalty, and patriotism • Acquiring new colonies made citizens of the home countries feel powerful and gave them a sense of pride • “White Man’s Burden” • Westerners felt it was their duty to bring the benefits of their way of life to others • Religion • Westerners wanted to spread Christianity to all those who were non-Christian

3. The Great Empires • Britain • Owned the largest numbers of colonies • By 1900 British Empire consisted of much of Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, British Honduras, British Guiana, Southeast Asia, Hong Kong and a number of islands in the Mediterranean, Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean • France • Controlled much of North and West Africa, Indochina, several islands in the Caribbean, and French Guiana in South America • Germany • Controlled sections of Africa and islands in the Pacific • Italy • Also acquires pieces of Africa • United States • Adds territories such as Hawaii and Alaska and gains control over islands like the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and other areas. • Japan • Actively spreads its authority in East Asia

4. Imperialism in India • Seven Years’ War(1756-1763)-leaves Britain as major power in India • Indirect Rule- Majority of country was in Indians hands • British East India Company- rules India until 1857 • Aim was to profit from selling Indian cotton cloth, silk and sugar • Positives • Built telegraph, railroad and irrigation systems • Set up postal service and a number of schools • Organized large army of Indian soldiers called sepoys • Negatives • Do not allow Indians to hold high level position in East India Company • Schools taught English and Western ideas • Missionaries try to teach Hindus and Muslims about Christianity

5. Sepoy Mutiny • Mutiny-open rebellion against constituted authority in armed forces • 1857-Sepoys refuse to use the cartridges supplied for their new rifles • A group of sepoys revolt against their British officers • 1858-with great difficulty and reinforcements rebellion is put down • Outcomes of Sepoy Mutiny • The Raj-portion of India under direct control of the British • 1876- Queen Victoria becomes empress in India • British build new industries and more railroads • Population grows, but food production did not keep pace

6. Independence Movement • 1885- Hindus form The Indian National Congress • Mohandas K. Ghandi • Passive Resistance- resistance by non-violent methods to a government or occupying authority • Followers refuse to obey British laws, serve in the armed forces, pay taxes or cooperate with British officials • 1906- Muslim create the Muslim League • Leader was Mohammed Ali Jinnah • 1947- India gains their independence • British weakened by World War II • Embarrassed by world support for Ghandi’s cause • British divide the territory into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan

8. The Scramble for Africa • Reasons for European Dominance • Improvements in Medicine-Vaccine for Malaria • Improvements in Technology-allows European nations to conquer more of Africa • Berlin Conference(1884) • Meeting between European powers and United States • Met to protect economic and political interests in Africa • Divides African continent amongst nations at conference

9. Colonial Rule in Africa • French Colonies • Start influence in Africa by taking over Algeria in 1830 • Direct Rule- colonies controlled directly by French government and officials • Assimilation Policy- Africans who adopted the culture(language, dress and lifestyle) of French nationals were allowed to become French citizens • British Colonies • Suez Canal-links Mediterranean to the Red Seas- British buy control of canal in 1875-later gains control of Egypt • Cecil Rhodes-promotes British interests in Africa- Dreams of a “Cape-to-Cairo” railroad to link all of Britain’s territories • Other Colonies • Germany and Italy come late to the race for colonies • King Leopold of Belgium • Owns large portion of Central Africa known as Belgian Congo • 1908- forced to give up colony due to harsh treatment of Africans

11. The Boer War • South Africa acquired by British from Dutch during Napoleonic Wars in early 1800’s • Boers-Dutch farmers in South Africa-resented British rule • 1867- Diamonds found near Boer lands-becomes richest source of diamonds in the world • 1886-gold is discovered in nearby area • 1899- Boers revolt against British rule • Guerrilla Warfare- small group of combatants(usually armed civilians) use military tactics • Takes British forces three years to finally put down the Boer revolt • Boers given more political rights • 1910- Boer areas join with British areas to make Union of South Africa.

12. Imperialism in China • Closed Door Policy • China limits trade and interaction with European nations • Felt European “barbarians” could not teach them anything of importance. • The Opium War(1839-1842) • Opium- habit-forming drug produced in India • British traders begin smuggling large quantities into China • 1839-Chinese try to put an end to opium trade in China • Destroy 20,000 chests of opium and imprison British sellers • British respond by sending invasion fleet to China- easily defeat Chinese • Treaty of Nanking(1842) • Forces Chinese to open for more ports to Westerners • Port of Hong Kong given to the British • Extraterritorial Rights-foreigners accused of crimes were tried in their own courts and by their own laws rather than those of China

13. Spheres of Influence • Spheres of Influence- a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority • Treaty of Tientsin(1858)- forces Chinese to open 11 more ports to Western countries • Open Door Policy • 1899- Secretary of State John Hay asks that all nations respect each other’s trading rights in China • United States was looking to protect their own trade business in China

14. Rebellions in China • Taiping Rebellion(1850-1864) • Rebels wanted to overthrow Ch’ing dynasty • Westerner powers(especially the British) decide they need to step in to help put down the revolt • Takes the combined forces 14 years and 20 million deaths to finally end the rebellion • Boxer Rebellion(1900) • “Righteous and Harmonious Fists” –group of peasants who formed together to rid China of all “foreign devils”-referred to as Boxers • Attack embassies in Beijing-kill a number of Europeans and Americans • International forces of troops march on Beijing to crush the rebellion • Republican Revolution of 1911 • Led by Dr Sun Yat-sen- overthrows the Ch’ing dynasty and makes China a republic • “Three Principle of the People”-calls for freeing China from foreign control, setting up a democratic government and improving the economy.

15. America Builds an Empire • 1867- United States Purchases Alaska • Secretary of State William Seward agrees to purchase Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars • 1896- Gold is discovered in Alaska • January 3, 1959- Alaska officially becomes a state • 1898-United States gains control of Hawaii • Most of wealth in Hawaii came from growing sugar cane- growers mostly white Americans by end of 1800’s • McKinley Tariff-raises taxes on all foreign sugars-causes depression in Hawaii • 1893- American growers revolt against Queen Liliuokalani-Hawaii becomes territory of United States 5 years later • Dollar Diplomacy • Encourages American businessmen to invest in building factories in foreign countries-especially Latin America • If American business interests were threatened in these countries then United States troops would be sent in to protect American lives • Allows United States to interfere in affairs in Nicaragua, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Mexico

16. Spanish-American War • 1895- Cubans fighting for their independence from Spain-American sympathy for the rebels begins to rise • “Remember the Maine” • USS Maine sent to Havana to protect U.S. citizens and property after anti-Spanish rioting • February 15, 1898-mysterious explosion sinks the battleship on the harbor of Havana –media blames the Spanish • Yellow Journalism-use of newspaper articles to exaggerate the news to create sensations and attract readers-encourages war with Spain • United States declares war on April 25th 1898- defeat the Spanish in less than 4 months • Treaty of Paris-signed on December 10, 1898 • Cuba gains its independence from Spain • Guam and Puerto Rico given to the United States • United Sates gains control over Philippine Islands for $20 million

17. President Theodore Roosevelt • Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26th President of the United States after the assassination of President William McKinley • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Encourages negotiations in foreign affairs with the backing of a strong military power • Teddy The Trust Buster • Trust- businesses organized to reduce competition • Sherman Anti-Trust Act(1890)-attempted to dissolve trusts and break up monopolies • Roosevelt Corollary- addition to Monroe Doctrine- states that the United States will act as policemen in Western Hemisphere • Panama Canal • 1903-Roosevelt encourages people of Panama to revolt against Columbian rule • United States later gains control of the Panama Canal Zone • Builds Panama Canal to shorten distance in which ships had to travel to get from east to west coast of the United States

19. Japanese Imperialism • Meiji Restoration(1868-1912) • Era of major political, economic and social change that turns Japan into a modernized country. • “wealthy country and strong arms”- best way to counter Western imperialism was to quickly modernize, industrialize and militarize • In matter of only 30 years Japan becomes a powerful industrialized nation • Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895) • Japanese new and improved military easily defeats the Chinese • Japanese gain control of Manchuria and become protectorate of Korea • Russo-Japanese War((1904-1905) • Japan becomes the first Asian nation to defeat a European nation • Gain control of lands in northern China from Russia • End of Japanese Empire • Loss to the United States and its allies in World War II puts an end the Japanese Empire

20. Retreat from Imperialism • World War II • The war left many European nations weakened and unable to afford to administer and protect their colonies. • Benefits of Imperialism • European nation usually industrialized and modernized their colonies • Introduced modern technology and built roads, railroads, bridges, schools and hospitals • Negatives of Imperialism • Colonized people were often treated as second-class citizens • They were ruled by governments that they did not choose and by laws that they did not make • Their traditional ways of life were disrupted by the impact of Western rule