The Age of Imperialism

1. The Age of Imperialism Chapter 27 1850-1914

2. What is imperialism? • The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country

3. What is Imperialism? • Why do Europeans do this? • Industrialization sparks the need for: • Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts • Natural resources and raw materials • New markets for products

4. Remember this?

5. Well, they need this More Land

6. What is Imperialism? • Europeans want to control all aspects of their colonies • Politics • Society • Economy • Culture and customs

7. Types of Imperialism • Methods of Management • Direct Control • Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights • Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture • Indirect Control • Limited self-rule for local governments • Legislative body includes colonial & local officials

8. Types of Imperialism • Forms of Control • Colony • Governed by a foreign power • Protectorate • Governs itself, but under outside control • Sphere of Influence • Outside power controls investments & trading • Economic Imperialism • Private business interests assert control

9. I. The Scramble for Africa • Africa Before European Domination • Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups • Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity • Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages • Africans controlled their own trade networks • Europeans only had contact on African coasts

10. The Scramble for Africa (cont) • Nations compete for overseas empires • Europeans wanted more land • Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber • Africa was a mystery to many • Europeans who penetrated Africa were: • Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety • Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity • Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”

11. How/Why Did It Begin? This is Belgium This is Congo (Africa)

12. How/Why Did It begin? • Congo River Valley Chiefs signed treaties that gave King Leopold II of Belgium personal control of these lands • Leopold claimed he planned on ending the slave trade there • He licensed companies that brutally exploited Africans • The Belgian Congo is 80 times larger than Belgium • This alarms other European countries, who start claiming lands of their own all over Africa

13. The Scramble for Africa (cont) • Forces Driving Imperialism • Belief in European superiority • Racism • Social Darwinism • Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa • European technological superiority • Europeans had means to control • New medicines prevent diseases

14. The Division of Africa • The Berlin Conference (1884) • Europeans leaders divide Africa • No African ruler invited • Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups • By 1914 – Only independent nations • Liberia • Ethiopia

15. According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa? How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown in the cartoon?

16. South Africa • Three Groups Clash for Power • Africans • Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British • Zulu nation lost to British in 1887 • Boers • Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s • Also known as Afrikaners • British • Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference

17. Boer War • Fought between the Boers and the British • Many Africans fought with the Boers • First example of “total war” • British win in 1910 • Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)

18. Effects of European Imperialism in Africa

19. II. Case Study: Nigeria • Britain’s control of Nigeria • Britain takes control by diplomacy & force • All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914 • Nigeria very culturally diverse • 250 ethnic groups • British utilize indirect rule • Local chiefs resent limits on their rule

20. African Resistance • Africans Confront Imperialism • Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons • Unsuccessful Movements • Algeria fights the French for 50 years • German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths • Successful Movements • Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II • Plays Europeans against each other • Stockpiles modern weapons • Defeats Italy and remains independent

21. Legacy of Imperialism • Negative Effects • Africans lose land and independence • Many lives are lost • Traditional cultures breakdown • Division of Africa creates problems that continue today • Positive Effects • Reduces local fighting • Sanitation improves • Hospitals and schools created • Technology brings economic growth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJe1W_HIWmA

22. III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands • The Ottoman Empire Loses Power • Empire begins to decline in 1566 • Death of Suleiman I • Modernization movements are unsuccessful • Greece and Serbia gain independence • European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

23. Downfall of the Ottoman Empire

24. Crimean War (1853) • Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire • Russia seeks Ottoman land • Access to a warm-water port • Russia loses war • Ottomans are shown to be weak • Russia still is able to take land

25. Crimean War • First war to be covered by newspaper • First to have army nurses (led by Florence Nightingale) • Article from the Christian Weekly News February 5, 1856

26. Europeans Grab Territory • England gains control of: • India – natural resources • Suez Canal – international trade • Persia – oil and tobacco • Russia gains control of: • Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean • Afghanistan – oil

27. Egypt and the Suez Canal • Muhammad, ruler of Egypt- started reforms in government and economy • Grandson Isma’il continued modernizing by supporting construction of Suez Canal- man made waterway connecting Red Sea to Mediterranean • Built with French money and Egyptian labor • Opened in 1869 with big international celebration • Modernization too expensive, Egypt couldn’t pay back loans to European bankers • Britain insists on taking financial control of canal and in 1882, British occupy Egypt • Considered “lifeline” of the empire

28. The Suez Canal

30. IV. British Imperialism in India • British Expand Control over India • East India Company • Controls India thru economic imperialism • Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys” • India was seen as the most important colony • Due to its production of raw materials • Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”

31. Effects of British Rule • Impact of Colonialism • Railroads move cash crops and goods faster • British control political and economic power • Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and caused famine • Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries • Britain sought to “modernize” India

32. The Sepoy Rebellion • Indians Rebel • Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons • They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat • Considered unclean by Muslims • Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled • British put down the rebellion • Results • Britain takes direct control of India • Increased distrust between Indians and British

34. Nationalism in India • Call for reforms • India adopts modernization movements • Many Indians adopt western ways • Religious Issues Remain • Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) • Called for independence from Britain • Formation of the Muslim League (1906) • Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India

35. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim” • Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean • Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore • Netherlands – Indonesia • France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) • Why? • Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts • Excellent for plantation agriculture

36. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • Results • Modernization helps the European businesses • Education, health, and sanitation improves • Millions migrate to find work • Racial and religious clashes increase

39. England’s Empire Grows

40. V. Imperialism in China and Japan • China vs. The West • China was self-sufficient – no need for trade • China kept a favorable balance of trade • Europeans were able to shift the balance • Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant • Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. Britain • China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing • Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws • Chinese power over the West ends

41. China vs. The West • Foreign Influence Grows • Growing Spheres of Influence • A Surge in Chinese Nationalism • Boxer Rebellion • Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign privilege • Beginnings of Reform • China tried to become more western • Further added to internal problems

42. Imperialism in China

43. Imperialism in Japan • Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China • Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation • Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867 • Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries

44. Imperialism in Japan • Russo-Japanese War (1904) • Treaty of Portsmouth • Japan gained Russian territory • Russia forced out of Korea • Japan Controls Korea • Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 • Begins a period of extreme oppression

45. THE END