The Earliest Human Societies

1. The Earliest Human Societies Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School

2. Unit Objective Explain the origins, development, and achievements of early human beings.

3. Archaeology & Anthropology Part 1

4. Part 1 Goals Develop timeline skills Define artifact, remain, archaeology, & anthropology Identify prehistory and its ages.

5. Time (and reading a timeline) OLDER year 0 NEWER Simple Version BC AD Traditional Western Version BCE CE Contemporary Version

6. Traditional Dates – Used w/ Julian & Gregorian Calendars; began usage in 525. There is NO year 0. B.C. A.D. • Literally, in English, “Before Christ” • Marks year 1 as the birth of the historical figure, Jesus, that Christianity is based around. • All things BC come before this event. • The larger the number, the older it is (like NEGATIVE numbers). • Literally, in Latin, “anno domini” • Translates to ‘The Year of Our Lord” • Marks year 1 as the birth of the historical figure, Jesus, that Christianity is based around. • All things AD start with this event, or come later. • The larger the number, the newer it is.

7. Contemporary Dates – Used to be sensitive of non-Christian peoples. Also has no year 0. Introduced in 1800s by Jewish scholars in Europe. B.C.E. C.E. • Before the Common Era • Alternatively, Before the Christian Era • Still uses the birth of the figure Jesus to mark year 1. • All things BCE come before this event. • Same as B.C. • The larger the number, the older it is (like NEGATIVE numbers) • Common Era • Alternatively, Christian Era • Still uses the birth of the figure Jesus to mark year 1. • All things CE start with this event, or come later. • Same as A.D. • The larger the number, the newer it is.

8. Studying Prehistory – Turn & Talk What is prehistory? What clues exist to help understand prehistory? Who studies prehistory? The period before written records. artifacts & remains archaeologists, anthropologists, & paleontologists

9. Artifacts & Remains??? • Artifact: • Anything made by humans • Remains: • Preserved (fossilized or decomposed) dead, human body parts

10. Archaeologists Anthropologists Archaeologists vs. Anthropologists In the United States, archaeology is a subcategory of anthropology. Paleontologists study all fossils, and use complex techniques to determine how old they are. Scientists Study human society and culture Use artifacts and human remains. Scientists Study a group of people’s unique way of life Use artifacts and remains.

11. Paleontologist?

12. Hypothesize: What challenges may archaeological teams face in the field?

13. Three Ages of Prehistory • Ages based on technology • Stone Age • Paleolithic Era – Old Stone Age • Neolithic Era – New Stone Age • Bronze Age • Iron Age

14. Hunters & Gatherers Part 2

15. Part 2 – Hunters & Gatherers Main Ideas Why it matters now Geography-Early humans adapted their natural environment. Culture-Humans created tools, language, religion, and art to improve life. Early humans created the first tools. Today, technology continues to improve our lives and helps us survive. The roots of modern culture began in the Paleolithic era.

16. Key Vocabulary Terms Names nomad (nomadic) hunter-gatherer technology

17. Part 2 Goals Identify human achievements of the Paleolithic Era Understand early human culture

18. Key Questions How did early humans interact with the environment? What were some tools developed by early humans? What type of culture did early humans create?

19. Early Humans’ Way of Life • Early humans = hunter-gatherers • Nomadic; migration • Equal gender roles • Lived in small bands; approx. 30 people

20. Human Migration By 15,000 BC – humans migrated to all parts of the word

21. The Development of Tools • Hominids controlled fire 500,000 years ago • Turn & Talk: What are the benefits of fire? • Technology-knowledge, tools, inventions to meet needs • Early stone axes • Complex tools • Build shelter • ALL IMPROVE LIFE

22. Early Human Culture • Language • Aided cooperation • Religion • Explain the unexplainable • Natural spirits • Art • Make people happy • Illustrate life/religion

23. Part 2 – Summary Hunters-gatherers were nomads Fire and tools improved lives. Early humans created language, religion, and art.

24. Agriculture Emerges Part 3

25. Key Vocabulary Terms Names slash-and-burn farming domestication Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution)

26. Part 3 – Agriculture Emerges Main Ideas Why it matters now Economics-The development of agriculture caused an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life. New methods for obtaining food and the development of technology laid the foundations for modern civilizations.

27. Part 3 Goals Describe the Neolithic Revolution Explore the impact of agriculture on human life Explain the growth of villages

28. Key Questions How did new technologies support the emergence of agriculture? What impact did agriculture have on the lives of people? How did farming develop independently in various parts of the world?

29. The Beginning of Agriculture • Climate Changes • Longer growing season • Domesticated wild grasses • Domestication of Animals – c. 9000 BC • Planting – c. 8000 BC • Slash-and-Burn Farming • Use of digging sticks, hoes, sickles • Villages developed Learn to Discover: What new farming methods & tools did early farmers invent?

30. Why Hunt?Why Gather?Join the Neolithic Revolution!!!

31. Quick Review What effect did new technologies have on early humans? How did farming change the way people lived?

32. Farming Developed in Many Places • River Valleys • Africa (Nile) • Asia (Tigris & Euphrates, Huang He, Indus) • Irrigation • Americas • Higher elevations first • 3-Sister’s farming

33. Agriculture Emerges: 5000-500 BC

34. Part 3 Summary Post-Ice Age, the Neolithic Revolution brought planting crops & domestication of animals Populations grew in permanent farming villages Farming developed independently in many areas of the world.

35. Cities & Civilization Develop Part 4

36. Key Vocabulary Terms Names civilization specialization artisan institutions Jarmo ÇatalHüyük Ur

37. Part 3 – Agriculture Emerges Main Ideas Why it matters now Economics-The development of agriculture caused an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life. Culture-patterns of government, specialized workers, and social classes developed in complex cultures. New methods for obtaining food and the development of technology laid the foundations for modern civilizations.

38. Part 3 Goals Explain how villages grew into cities List and clarify the characteristics of civilizations (book) and the elements of civilization (teacher). Describe how the city of Ur exemplifies these traits.

39. Key Questions How can an increased population complicate social relationships? What roles do complex institutions play in the lives of people? How might complex institutions help organize society?

40. Villages Around the World • Surpluses Boosted Development • Food & material surpluses • Helped in bad seasons • Populations grew • Specialization developed

41. Villages Grew More Complex • Surpluses led to: • Trade • Artisans • Social classes • Government • Earliest complex villages: • Jarmo • ÇatalHüyük • Jericho

42. Why is the "Neolithic Revolution" a turning point in human history??

43. What is the next step in the development of human settlements??

44. CITIES ! CIVILIZATIONS !!

45. What makes a civilization?

46. Characteristics of Civilization

47. Mr. Pagliaro’s 6 Elements Cities Social Classes CIVILIZATION Government Religious Activity Written Records Artistic Activity

48. Lesson Summary Improved farming techniques enabled village farmers to grow surplus food Simple villages sometimes grew into complex villages Complex villages grew into cities, and developed civilization.