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The French Revolution

The French Revolution. 1789. French Rev. American Rev. Causes of French Revolution. Ideas of liberty and equality from the American Revolution (note: Constitution was signed 2 yrs before in 1787) Enlightenment ideas of John Locke. Causes of French Revolution.

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The French Revolution

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  1. The French Revolution • 1789

  2. French Rev. American Rev.

  3. Causes of French Revolution • Ideas of liberty and equality from the American Revolution (note: Constitution was signed 2 yrs before in 1787) • Enlightenment ideas of John Locke

  4. Causes of French Revolution • Vast majority of people were broke and hungry. • Vast majority were in the lowest estate • Video

  5. 4.55

  6. I. The Old Régime • A society of order and inequality • No movement (social and geographic) • No rights for the poor • A society of privileges for the rich • A society led by customs and traditions • A society dominated by religion

  7. A. The First Estate: The Clergy • A tiny majority entitled to many privileges • But an order providing important services • Ministry and sacraments • Charity • Education • Social Promotion • Less than 1% of population, owned 10% of the land, Very little if any taxes

  8. B. The Second Estate: The Nobility • Born into money • Proud of its origins but feeling threatened • Attached to its privileges • An order opposed to all changes • 2% of the population • Owned 20% of the land • No Taxes!!!!!!!!!

  9. C. The Third Estate: Everybody Else • 97% of society • 50% taxes • 3 classes within 3rd estate • Bourgeoisie- Middle Class, merchants and artisans, leaders of the Rev., believed in enlightenment ideas • City workers, low wages, often hungry • Peasants- 80% of population, poor, mistreated, very high taxes

  10. C. The Third Estate: Continued • A frustrated but ambitious group • The “Go-Getters!” • Urban workers and artisans

  11. bourgeoisie • Part of the third estate, they were the “middle class” of France. • They were bankers, merchants, factory owners (educated people) • Led the revolution

  12. Peasants 1st Estate Three Estates 2nd Estate Louis XVI Bourgeoisie Workers 3rd Estate

  13. Many thinkers of the Enlightenment are French (Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu) Poor, mistreated, people like the ideas presented in the Enlightenment Battle Cry- Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Also influenced by the Americans The French helped us during the American Revolution. If the Americans can do it, why can’t the French???? Enlightenment Ideas/American Rev.

  14. Revolution - beginnings • Royal family flaunts their wealth. • Louis XVI and his wife spend too much $ • High taxes = No profit • Increase in the cost of living • Price of bread doubled because of bad harvests

  15. Bread riots • People were hungry; the country was broke. • This picture is from an all-woman bread riot. • Marie Antoinette said “let them eat cake”

  16. King Louis XVI • His grandfather Louis XIV was the ultimate “absolutist” king. • This king was weak • He had so little control, he called for the French congress to fix some problems • Became King at age of 15 (1774-1793) • Inherited debt from his father • He gave $$$ to help the Americans gain independence from Great Britain • He was a weak leader • He would rather hunt or play with toys instead of rule the country

  17. Queen Marie Antoinette • A very beautiful woman • Charming and light hearted • She was unpopular with the French people • She was Austrian! • She referred to her husband as “The Poor Man”

  18. 1774- Louis XVI takes the throne. • They helped America in the American Rev. • This cost a large amount of money. • Louis tries to tax the 1st and 2nd estate. • They complain and basically refuse • May 1789- Louis calls the Estates- General, which hasn’t been called since 1614 • The reason he called them was so that he could try to raise taxes on the 3rd estate

  19. The Estates General • An assembly of representatives from all three estates. • Each Estate got 1 vote. • Therefore, the 1st and 2nd could always outvote the third estate. • Basically 3% > 97% ?????????????????????? • Met at Versailles. • It represents both ends of the political spectrum • Radicals-Moderates-Conservatives

  20. Tennis Court Oath • Delegates of the 3rd Estate • Kicked out of Estates General • Broke into an indoor tennis court at Versailles • Pledged to not leave there until they had finished a constitution • Wanted a new constitution constructed to give more power to the lower estate

  21. 2.30

  22. The National Assembly • June 17, 1789, the 3rd Estate renamed the themselves to “The National Assembly” • Mostly bourgeoisie class citizens • Abbe Sieyes- Clergy who sided with the 3rd Estate • They began to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French People! • 1st official act of revolution • This ended absolute monarchy in France

  23. 1.59

  24. Storming the Bastille • Louis stationed Swiss Guards in Paris • People wanted to gather weapons and powder to protect Paris from an invasion from the Austrians • July 14th, 1789 mob stormed the garrison and killed the kings guards • Symbolic act of revolution • Like USA - 4th of July • Bastille Day • Video

  25. The Great Fear • October 1789 • A wave of senseless panic • Rumors start to fly that the nobles are going to kill the peasants • Peasants became outlaws and attacked upper class citizens • Broke into houses and tore up legal papers and burned property • Video

  26. Women Riot!!! • 6,000 Parisian women riot in the city over the price of bread! • Anger quickly turned against the king and queen • With knives and axes, march on Versailles and killed 2 guards • Demand the king and queen come to Paris • They are basically taken hostage by the crowd and taken to Paris

  27. 2.04

  28. Assembly Reforms In France • Nobles join the NA out of fear, this gives it legitimacy • Declaration of the Rights of Man-“men are born and remain free and equal in rights.” • Modeled after Declaration of Independence • Rights of free speech, religion and equal justice • “Rights of liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.” • Did not apply to women

  29. Assembly Reforms • The National Assembly took control of the church. Now the church was run by the government • The assembly took church lands and sold them to pay off French debt • Clergy was now paid by government. • Peasants angry because they think the church can do no wrong. • This will cause tension between the peasants and the middle class.

  30. King Tries to Escape • Louis tried to get out of town • Took his wife and kids to Austria • They were caught by a mail man who recognized him from his face on the money! • Sent back to Paris • His fate was sealed- Why would he try to escape unless he was guilty?

  31. War with Austria & Prussia • Early 1792 • Foreign countries don’t like revolution in France • They think it may start revolutions in their country • Armies invade France and help save King Louis and family

  32. Death of the King • 20,000 stormed the kings home and killed the 900 Swiss guards • Jacobins captured the king • Louis XVI is charged with “conspiring against the liberty of the nation.” Basically he was tried with being an absolute monarch. • He is convicted and beheaded. • 1st time this has happened in Europe. • Kings had been assassinated, but never put on trial and/or assassinated

  33. Mob and Gang Rule • Mob made of poor people • Leaders were Bourgeoisie • Jacobin-radical political club (gang) • Led by Maximillian Robespierre, Jean Paul Marat, Georges Danton

  34. Reign of Terror • Maximilien Robespierre- gains control of power • He made laws that hurt France and it’s people • Became a Dictator • Used Secret Police • Begins killing people he didn’t like • Video

  35. Tried to build a “Republic of Virtue” Wiped out all traces of the monarchy and nobility Decks of cards were changed. The calendar was changed Robespierre- became leader of the Committee of Public Safety Maximillian Robespierre

  36. Committee for Public Safety • Robespierre decided who were the enemies of the Republic • 300,000 arrested. • 16,000 – 50,000 executed. • People were tried in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon

  37. End of the Reign of Terror • People get tired of Robespierre and his scare tactics • He, along with Marat are killed by the people. • Marat killed in his tub, Robespierre beheaded by the guillotine. • 1795- New constitution gave power to the Directory and Legislature • Directory was a council of 5 men called directors • Ineffective so people look to army for leadership • They find Napoleon

  38. The Guillotine • Invented in 1792 by Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotine • Efficient-Humane-Democratic • “Would not feel the slightest pain”

  39. Effects of the French Revolution • Both the King and Queen were beheaded • French monarchy no more • In addition to the Royal family, 17,000 people were executed with the guillotine.

  40. PERIODS OF THE REVOLUTION • Five sub-periods distinguished by form of government • Estates • Legislative Assembly • National Convention • Directory • Consulate • First Empire

  41. The Guillotine Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens;By your influence divine,We have reconquered our rights.Come to aid of the CountryAnd let your superb instrumentBecome forever permanentTo destroy the impious sect.Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agentsFill your divine sack with heads of tyrants.

  42. The De-Christianization Program The adoption of a new Republican Calendar:* abolished Sundays & religious holidays.* months named after seasonal features.* 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades.* the yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

  43. The New Republican Calendar The New Republican Calendar

  44. Effects continued. . . • Napoleon Bonaparte was elected leader, then appoints himself emperor of France. • Video

  45. Hero of the Hour • October 1795- Royalists march on the National Assembly wanting to restore the monarchy • Napoleon, who happens to be in town, leads a group of artillery and disperses the crowd • Napoleon becomes a celebrity, seen as the savior of the Republic, known as the “Hero of the Hour” • Put in charge of the army that is set up to fight the Austrians, he wins • Napoleon gets more powerful by the day

  46. Coup d’Etat • By 1799 the directory is losing control • Napoleon and his wife, Josephine, work behind the scenes to try to get support • By this time Napoleon is in charge of the entire, French army and is very popular • Napoleon with his army marches on the National Assembly • The National Assembly dissolves the directory • During the coup Napoleon becomes 1st consul, basically the dictator

  47. Plebiscite • Plebiscite- a vote of the people • Napoleon calls for a vote of the people to approve his takeover and other reforms • They approve him and also approve new constitution, set up a national bank, create public schools. • Now merit gets you ahead, not birth

  48. Legal System-Napoleonic Code • Equality of all in the eyes of the law • No recognition of privileges of birth (i.e. noble rights inherited from ancestors.) • Freedom of religion • Separation of the church and the state • Freedom to work in an occupation of one's choice • Strengthening the family by: • Placing emphasis on the husband and father as the head of the family • Restricting grounds for divorce to three reasons: adultery, conviction of a serious crime, and grave insults, excesses or cruelty; however divorce could be granted by mutual agreement, as long as the grounds were kept private. • Defining who could inherit the family property

  49. Napoleonic Code • Confirmed Abolition of Privileges • Established a meritocracy • Regulation of Labor • Outlawed worker’s organizations • Abolished laws of primogeniture • Extended to all French territory

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