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Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny. Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860. New intellectual and religious movements. Social reforms. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization.

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Manifest Destiny

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  1. Manifest Destiny

  2. Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860 • New intellectual and religious movements. • Social reforms. • Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. • Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization. • Increase in federal power  Marshall Ct. decisions. • Increase in American nationalism. • Further westward expansion.

  3. “Manifest Destiny” • First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. • ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." • A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

  4. the virtueof the American people and their institutions; the mission to spread these institutions, thereby redeeming and remaking the world in the image of the U.S.; and the destiny under God to accomplish this work. 3 Themes of Manifest Destiny

  5. “And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us.” John L. O’Sullivan Implications of Manifest Destiny

  6. Advice on the Prairie" by William T. Ranney  1853

  7. John Gast’s “American Progress”

  8. “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

  9. The Promised Land--The Grayson Family, 1850.William S. Jewett The Grayson family presents us with a scene of domestic bliss, the wide open and above all, empty space away to the West. The light calling to the family to seek out new lands.

  10. Manifest Destiny by W. M. Cary

  11. The Pony Express • Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861. • Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA. • Took 10 days. • Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.

  12. Aroostook “War,” 1839 • The only war ever declared by a state. • Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine. • Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials. • Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.” • General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.

  13. Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842

  14. American settlement reaches Pacific in 1830s and 1840s Settlement encroaches on lands claimed by Mexico and England Movement to the Far West

  15. 1842--Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles the northeast U.S.-Canadian boundary Americans begin settling in Oregon territory (joint U.S., English claim) New Mexico territory (owned by Mexico) California (owned by Mexico) Borderlands of the 1830s

  16. Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth Century

  17. 1820s--Americans move into Texas "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican rule 1829--Mexico tries abolishing slavery 1835--armed rebellion breaks out The Texas Revolution

  18. Texas Independence (1836-1845)

  19. Texas Declaration of Independence

  20. Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836 Sam Houston(1793-1863) Stephen Austin(1793-1836)

  21. Remember the Alamo!

  22. Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

  23. The Battle of the Alamo General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

  24. The Goliad Affair: • Mexican forces executed 365 Texan prisoners who had surrendered. • Several weeks after the surrender of the Alamo, General José Urrea engaged a force of Texans under the command of Colonel James W. Fannin at the small town of Goliad. • Surrounded and outnumbered, Fannin surrendered in the belief that he and his men would be afforded the recognized rights of prisoners of war. • Santa Anna, however, ordered Nicolás de la Portilla to execute the prisoners, which he promptly did despite some moral misgiving. All 365 prisoners were executed.

  25. Antonio López de Santa Anna

  26. San Jacinto: Santa Anna’s Surrender

  27. The Republic of Texas

  28. March, 1836--Texans declare independence April, 1836--Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto May, 1836--Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes Texas' claim to territory (Mexico repudiates) Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson The Republic of Texas

  29. Texas Revolution

  30. Santa Fe Trail closed to U.S. travelers as a result of Mexico’s war with Texas Oregon Trail conduit for heavy stream of settlers to the Oregon country Oregon settlers demand an end to joint U.S., English occupation Trails of Trade and Settlement

  31. Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith, 1830 Mormon church seeks revival of pure aboriginal American Christianity Mormons persecuted for unorthodoxy Flee New York for Nauvoo, Illinois Murder of Joseph Smith prompts resettlement to Great Salt Lake in Utah The Mormon Trek: Westward Flight

  32. 1847--State of Deseret established Desert transformed into farmland Mormons at first resist U.S. governance 1857--Brigham Young accepts post as territorial governor of Utah The Mormons Trek: Mormons in Utah

  33. Western Trails

  34. Overland Immigration to the West • Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

  35. The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

  36. Trails Westward

  37. 1841--John Tyler assumes presidency after William Henry Harrison’s death Tyler breaks with Whigs 1844--Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas for re-election campaign issue Senate refuses to ratify Tyler loses Whig nomination to Henry Clay Tyler and Texas

  38. Democrats nominate James K. Polk Polk runs on expansionist platform annexation of Texas for Southern vote U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote Polk, Congress interpret his election as mandate for expansion Texas annexed before Polk inaugurated The Triumph of Polk and Annexation

  39. James Knox Polk: “Young Hickory?”

  40. James G. Birney and The Liberty Party: Decisive?

  41. Liberty Party

  42. Election of 1844

  43. "Manifest destiny" first used in 1845 God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to become stronger Americans make new territories free and democratic growing American population needs land Limits to American expansion undefined The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny

  44. 1846--Polk notifies Great Britain that the U.S. no longer accepts joint occupation England prepares for war, proposes division of the area Senate approves division of Oregon along 49o north latitude, Treaty of 1846 U.S. gains ownership of Puget Sound North condemned Polk for division Polk and the Oregon Question

  45. Northwest Boundary Dispute

  46. The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! • By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. • The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

  47. The Bear Flag Republic The Revolt  June 14, 1845 John C. Frémont

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