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Overview

Overview. A. Initial Introduction of Non-Native Species B. Coastwise Spread of Non-Native Species C. Verification of BWE. Collections Records. Reporting System. Literature. Monitoring. Database. Outputs & Applications. Invasion Patterns. Management Efficacy. Early Detection /

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Overview

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  1. Overview A. Initial Introduction of Non-Native Species B. Coastwise Spread of Non-Native Species C. Verification of BWE

  2. Collections Records Reporting System Literature Monitoring Database Outputs & Applications Invasion Patterns Management Efficacy Early Detection / Rapid Response Predictions Management / Policy NEMESIS(National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System)

  3. Overview A. Initial Introduction of Non-Native Species B. Coastwise Spread of Non-Native Species C. Verification of BWE

  4. Non-native invertebrate taxa reported in coastal waters of North America (n=326)

  5. Assumptions for Current BW Management (BWE) • BW is a Dominant Vector • Invasion Risk is Greatest in Bays/Estuaries & Decreases Sharply with Distance offshore

  6. Ship Arrivals from Overseas Ballast Water Dischage: • ~100 Million Metric Tons / YR Hull Surface Area: • ~ 335 Million M2 / YR

  7. Possible vector for coastal NIS introduced to North America by shipping (n=171)

  8. BW is a Dominant Vector

  9. Assumptions for Current BW Management (BWE) • BW is a Dominant Vector • Invasion Risk is Greatest in Bays/Estuaries & Decreases Sharply with Distance offshore

  10. Number of non-native invertebrate species reported for Pacific Coast bays 28% - 40%

  11. Macro scale organisms (zooplankton) • Generally good agreement with assumption. • Possibly source (habitat) dependent. • There are exceptions to the “rules” (e.g. habitat sources and habitat generalists)

  12. Different for Microorganisms?

  13. Overview A. Initial Introduction of Non-Native Species B. Coastwise Spread of Non-Native Species C. Verification of BWE

  14. (r2=0.429; n=57) (r2=0.172; n=190)

  15. (n=57) 17.5% (n=190) 40.0%

  16. San Francisco Bay invasions n=124 r2=0.168 n=70

  17. Who Spreads from San Francisco Bay? • Species with planktonic larvae: 23% • Species with nonplanktonic larvae: 50%

  18. Summary: NIS spread • Spread patterns within coasts result from a combination of human-mediated transport and natural dispersal --- and their interactions with life history, behavior, abundance, habitat utilization, and current patterns. (b) Frequency differences in spread between coasts may result primarily from differences in “inter-island” distances and rates of natural dispersal.

  19. Assumptions for Current BW Management (BWE) • BW is a Dominant Vector • Invasion Risk is Greatest in Bays/Estuaries & Decreases Sharply with Distance offshore

  20. Relative Role of Ships’ Ballast vs. Hulls in Coastwise Spread?

  21. Overview A. Initial Introduction of Non-Native Species B. Coastwise Spread of Non-Native Species C. Verification of BWE

  22. Not exchanged (non-complying) exchanged (complying) The chemical signature of exchanged ballast water is more similar to water from the mid-ocean than water from its original coastal source.

  23. Tracer Concentration Invasion Risk (prob of onshore transport) Distance from Shore

  24. salinity: 36333633 • BWE greatly reduces concentrations of fluorescent components • Exchanged CDOM > Ocean CDOM • Signatures from all high salinity sources are similar salinity: 36333633 Effect of Ballast Water Exchange salinity: 36333027

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