The Crusades & The Rise of Papal Power

1. 1095-1215 The Crusades& The Rise of Papal Power

3. The Hanseatic League c. 1300

4. How did expansion of the economy facilitate growth of literacy between 1000 and 1300? • The increase in trade required more merchants who could read contracts • The increase in population and economic activity stimulated buying and selling of land • Universities began to open all across Europe • More people who afford to buy Bibles and other devotional literature • All of the above

5. How did the growth of literacy facilitate the centralization of political power? • By encouraging more peaceful methods for resolving disputes • By facilitating economic activity, especially long distance trade • By creating more efficient apparatuses for collecting and accounting for tax revenue • All of the above

7. The German EmperorHenry III(r. 1046-1056)advocated reform of the Church

8. Monarchies became increasingly powerfulby 1300

9. Gregory VIILeader of Church IndependencePope from 1073-1085

11. What’s the most accurate description of the Dictates of the Pope? • A reasoned assertion of customary powers associated with the papacy • An amalgam of political and religious powers claimed by a pope • The first document outlining a clear division of authority between Church and state • All of the above • None of the above

12. Whaat was the tone of the Dictates? • Desperate • Condescending • Arrogant • Polite • Conciliatory

13. Timeline for Background to the Rise of Papal Power & the Crusades • 1040s and 1050s: Emperors encourage reform movement in the Church • 1050: Christians successfully take Toledo; the reconquista gains momentum • 1059: Papacy allies itself against emperors by signing Treaty of Melfi in 1059 • 1066: Papacy support Norman conquest of England • 1075: Investiture conflict engulfs Italy and Germany

17. What topic did the pope first address in his Clermont speech? • The failure of the clergy to remain celibate • The Failure of the Truce of God • The Success of the Treaty of Melfi • The Depravity of the Holy Roman Emperors • All of the above

19. Timeline for Crusades • 1095: Pope delivers speech at Clermont • 1096-1099: First Crusade takes Jerusalem and established crusader states • 1147-1149: Second Crusade fails miserably • 1189-1193: Third Crusade ends in a draw • 1198-1203: Fourth Crusade capture Christian cities, Zara and Constantinople • 1200s and 1300s: various crusades, many against Christians, with few making it to the Holy Land

21. Siege of Jerusalem, 1099

23. Crusader States during the twelfth century

24. What was the likely impact of Crusader states in the Holy Land? • Increased cultural interaction between Muslims and Europeans • Unification of the Muslim factions • Increased trade for Europeans • An outlet for Europeans seeking adventure • Increase in the collective identify of Westerners

25. Templars and HospitallersChristian Soldiers of the High Middle Ages

26. Krak de Chevalier – east of Tripoli

27. Crusader States during the twelfth century

29. Cistercian leader during much of the movement’s first century Considered by many contemporaries the holiest man in Europe Preached the Second Crusade, 1147-9 Bernard of Clairvaux

30. Portugal

32. The defeat of Christians at the Horns of Hattin sent shock waves across Europe1187

33. Crusader States during the twelfth century

35. Leaders of the Third Crusade

36. Richard Lionheart& Truce with Saladin1191

37. Innocent III1161-1216r. 1198-1216

38. Fourth Crusade’s Planned Course

40. The Venetian Mercantile Empire

41. Overview • Background on Crusades • The First Four Crusades • Albigensian Crusade • 13th Century and Late Medieval Crusading • Consequences of the Crusades

42. Background on Crusades • Early wars against Muslims • The reconquista (1000-1492) • The Norman conquest of Sicily (11th century) • In cooperation with papacy • By 1060s plans for crusades were under discussion among cardinals and leading bishops

43. Background • The first crusade was conceived in the mid 11th century and was meant to reverse the capture of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from recent Muslim invasions • Crusades had the effect of rallying the most violent members of Europe around the defense of the Christian religion • Whether consciously conceived as a way to pacify Europe or not, the exportation of violent members of European society to fight in foreign wars had the effect of pacifying European society

44. The First Crusade • Conceived before the papacy of Gregory VII (1073-85) but first preached by Urban II (1088-99) at Clermont in 1095 • Within a year of his sermon, two groups headed toward Constantinople • The People's Crusade, led by Peter the Hermit; they took the overland route • A slower and smaller contingent of well armed and equipped nobles some sailed to Constantinople while most also took the overland route

45. The First Crusade • The People's Crusade arrived in Constantinople in late 1096 and received a cool reception • Poorly equipped • Little military experience • Undisciplined • Extraordinary religious faith • The Byzantium Emperor provided transportation across the Bosporus to Asian Minor, where they were almost immediately massacred by Seljuk forces; the survivors returned to Constantinople and joined the knights in 1097

46. Summary of First Crusade • The only Crusade to achieve its initial purpose: the recapture of Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land • The territorial conquests were minor but they military victories demonstrated the ferocity of the western European warriors whose equipment and supplies were poorly suited to the hot, arid conditions of the Near East • Increased contact between Europe and the rest of the Mediterranean

47. Second Crusade, 1147-49 • Inspired by Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) • Led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III, Holy Roman Emperor • A failure: “an abyss so deep that I must call him blessed who is not scandalized by it.” • Rivalry between the princes and also undermined by princes of the Holy Land • Ended the Marriage of Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine, who married Henry II of England • Failed to take Damascus

48. Third Crusade, 1189-1193 • Reaction against the rising power of Saladin • Led by • Emperor Frederick Barbarossa • Drowned on the way there • King Phillip Augustus of France • Quarreled with Richard and went home • Richard the Lion Hearted of England • Richard enjoyed military and diplomatic success but failed to recapture Jerusalem; he was later taken hostage by the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI • Ultimately this crusade was also a failure

49. Fourth Crusade, 1198-1204 • Initiated by Innocent III • Led by territorial princes, notably Baldwin of Flanders • Embarcation from Venice • Purpose hijacked by the Venetians: attacks on Zara and Constantinople • Crusaders excommunicated by Innocent III twice but readmitted to the Church both times • Huge influx of booty to the West • Temporary re-unification of Christianity

50. Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1229 • The Cathars, 1150-1250 • dual gods • anti-clericalism • rival church • support in the Midi • the perfecti • The papal response • the Dominicans • the Crusade • Philip II “Augustus”