14.1

1. 14.1 The Crusades

2. 14.1- The Crusades • Launching the Crusades • Crusades- a series of 9 religious wars launched by Christians to regain the city of Jerusalem that was considered the Holy Land in their religion. However, it was the Holy Land for Jews, and Muslims as well. • Muslims controlled the Holy Land • Turkish Muslim took control of Persia and began to take of the Byzantine Empire. The Emperor of the Bzyantine empire feared the Turks would take over Constantinople so he called on Pope Urban II for help

3. 14.1 Launching the Crusades • The Council of Clermont • Urban II called on noblemen, Knights and peasants to help the Byzantine Emperor • The call was effective 1000’s volunteered • First Crusades • 1096 • Two groups peasants and knights • Peasants raided Non-Christian towns in Europe on the way to Jerusalem and quickly fell to the Turks once they arrived in Jerusalem • Knights- a hard trip, the finally took siege of the Holy Land and split it into 4 states- Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli

4. 14.1 Fighting the Crusades • Second Crusades • Muslims began recapturing lands they lost in the first crusades • Captured Edessa in 1144 which launched the 2nd Crusades • In 1147 men including King Louis VII of France and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine set out to take back Edessa and other lands lost but failed

5. 14.1 Fighting the Crusades • Third Crusades • 30 years after the 2nd Crusades a new Muslim leader arose, Saladin • He set out to take back all the states the Crusades had captured, he succeeded. • Christians launched the Third Crusade to reclaim the land • Famous leaders, King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Phillip Augustus of France and Emperor Fredrick Barbarossa of Germany • King Richard was the only one to fight in the Holy Land • King Richard and Saladin had great respect for one another even though they were fighting against one another. • King Richard could not reclaim the Holy Land and he went back to England. (was captured on his way home by his own men)

6. Fighting the Crusades • Fourth and Later Crusades • 1201-1291 • Fourth Crusades • Could not pay the Venetians for the help with travel so they raided the city of Zara for them and we excommunicated from the Church because Zara was a held by Christians. • Reached Constantinople, attacked and took over. The claimed one of their leaders the ruler. They ruled there for 50 years. Never completed the Fourth Crusades • No other Crusades were successful and in 1291 the Muslims had successfully driven out the Christians from the Holy Land.

7. 14.1- Effects of the Crusades • Effects of the Crusades • Economic-enhanced existing trade which changed the economic climate of the Middle Ages. Crusaders brought many new and different goods from the east • Political Changes- many Lords and Knights did not return home and the kings took over their land making them more powerful • Social Changes- brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe. Many people became even more intolerant of non-Christians such as Jews in Europe. Muslims saw the Christian crusaders as invaders

8. 14.2 Trade and Towns

9. 14.2- Growth of Trade • Italian Trade Cities • Italians were the first to building thriving trade cities and economies • Venice was the most important and was protected by the Venetian war fleet • Venetian traders would go to the far east to pick up goods they did not have in west(silk, and spices) • These goods were very expensive and help grow the city of Venice and entice other cities to follow their lead.

10. 14.2-Growth of Trade • Trade Fair and Markets • Buyers and sellers met in trade fairs and markets • Trade Fairs were held once and year in a city where traders came from long distance to sell rare goods • Markets were for everyday use to trade household and essential goods • Money and Credit • Currency has not been in use in Europe for quite some time. Trade brought back the need for currency. • Merchants started accepting credit • Credit and Currency led to European banks • Jews were the money-lenders, barred from any other occupation

11. 14.2- Growth of Towns and Cities • Many peasants left the farms or manors to make money in cities as merchants and traders • New Technologies • Contributed to the move to cities because these inventions meant that less manual labor was needed • Heavy plow • Wind mill

12. 14.2- Growth of Towns and Cities • Free Towns • Most towns run by local lords who charged taxes and fee to the merchants on their imported goods • Merchants appealed to the King for charters for new towns. The Merchants were allowed to run the town how the wanted and paid taxes directly to the King • In the High (late) Middle Ages merchant towns grew fast and large and became known as cities

13. 14.2- Growth of Towns and Cities • Guilds • Craftspeople began to organize themselves according to occupation to protect their own interests. • They created guilds • Restricted competition • Set prices together • Insured protection and quality of products • Trained apprentices • Many guilds only accepted men

14. Daily Life in Cities • Daily Life in Cities • According to our standards cities would be unpleasant • Buildings were tall and blocked sunlight • No sanitation system, trash was piled on streets attracting rats and insects and eventually disease • Fire and crime was prevalent • Positives- Churches, eating halls, markets, increased socialization, public entertainment, sports, arts, and wider understanding of other cultures and people groups.