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Microbial cells

This article explores the characteristics and applications of key industrial microbes, focusing on Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. Bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli are highlighted for their efficient production of enzymes and metabolic compounds. The structural details of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are discussed, including peptidoglycan composition and growth cycles. Additionally, the industrial significance of these microbes in producing fine chemicals, nucleosides, and proteins, as well as their roles in crop protection, are elaborated upon.

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Microbial cells

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  1. Microbial cells Dr Muhammad Imran

  2. Who was 1st , 2nd and 3rd…. Why • Archaea • Eubacteria • Eukaryotes

  3. Established industrial microbes Check table 4.1 of the book to look for molecules/compounds these organisms can be used

  4. Gram negative Oxidizing environment

  5. Structure of peptidoglycan • Alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramicacid + short peptide

  6. E. Coli • Cycle is about 20 min under ideal condition • 0.3-1.0 um wide and 1-3 um long • 7-8 nm outer membrane…non-selective and selective porins….600-700 Da……5000Da • Pilli for attachement • Peptidoglycan is 2-3 nm thick and 1-3 layers • Periplasmic space…12-15 nmfilled with • alkaline phosphatase, nucleases and proteases, also penicillinase

  7. Innermembrane and cytoplasm • Transporters and exporters, ion channels • Lactose permeaseetc • Reducing environment pH 7.6-7.8 • 4600 kbp DNA circular in nucleoid region • Plasmids…F, R and col plamids • Polysaccharide glycogen

  8. Gram positive

  9. Baccillussubtilis B. subtilishas become widely used for the production of industrial enzymes, particularly amylases and proteases. B. subtilishas also proved very useful for the manufacture of fine chemicals, especially nucleosides, vitamins and amino acids, and some strains are used in crop protection against fungal pathogens. This bacterium is also a valuable cloning host for the production of heterologous proteins.

  10. Features • 4188 kbp genome • All are catalase +ve • 0.5-2.5 um wide and 1.2-10 um long • Few are pathogenic Bacillus anthracis • Baccillus are generally safe otherwise 20–50 nm thick and simply composed of 20–25 layers of peptidoglycan, associated with some lipid, protein and teichoic acid

  11. Yeast a unicellular Fungi (S. cerevisiae)

  12. Benefits • Phosphorylation • Glycosylation • Secretion • Simple and fast growth cycle like E. coli • Well established physiology and genetics

  13. Nutritional needs • Reduced carbon source…..acetate • Ammonium salt • Minerals • Viatmins; pantothenic acid and thiamine

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