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EXPLORING SPACE Ch 2, Section 2.1

EXPLORING SPACE Ch 2, Section 2.1. Exploring Space. Entering Space Going into Space The Age of Rockets Sputnik: The Russian Moon Armstrong’s Small Step Space Comes of Age Major Trends in Space Space International Space Science Big and Small The New High Ground The Future.

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EXPLORING SPACE Ch 2, Section 2.1

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  1. EXPLORING SPACECh 2, Section 2.1

  2. Exploring Space Entering Space Going into Space The Age of Rockets Sputnik: The Russian Moon Armstrong’s Small Step Space Comes of Age Major Trends in Space Space International Space Science Big and Small The New High Ground The Future

  3. WHAT COMBINATION MADE IT POSSIBLE? DREAMS & DESIRES

  4. WHAT COMBINATION MADE IT POSSIBLE? DREAMS & DESIRES ASTRONOMY

  5. WHAT COMBINATION MADE IT POSSIBLE? FLIGHT DREAMS & DESIRES ASTRONOMY

  6. WHAT COMBINATION MADE IT POSSIBLE? FLIGHT ROCKETRY DREAMS & DESIRES ASTRONOMY

  7. Military Necessity • William Congreve • British Colonel • Developed incendiary rockets • 1800s • Used during Napoleonic Wars

  8. Military Necessity • Used during War of 1812 in the U.S. • Star-Spangled Banner • Francis Scott Key • “The Rocket’s Red Glare”

  9. Where Are Rockets Being Used Today? http://www.rethinkingschools.org/just_fun/games/mapgame.html

  10. Rocketry in Russia Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

  11. Rocketry in Russia Bureau for the Study of the Problems of Rockets (1924)

  12. Age of Rockets:Germany Treaty of Versailles inspired post-WWI interest in rockets as an alternative to prohibited heavy artillery German government’s support of rocket societies played pivotal role in development of the V-2 rocket—the world’s first ballistic missile

  13. Age of Rockets:Post WWII Defeat of Germany resulted in recruitment of German rocket scientists by U.S. and Russia Wernher Von Braun and 68 captured V-2 rockets became the basis of the U.S. rocket program

  14. Age of Rockets: United States Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945) Launched first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926 Lacked support from US government

  15. Age of Rockets:after WWII V-2 experiments accelerated study of rockets and under-standing of space challenges Cold War brought development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to deliver nuclear warheads V-2 Rocket in White Sands, NM

  16. Sputnik, the Cold War and the Space Race Russian Launch of Sputnik (4 Oct 1957) First man-made orbiting satellite Starting gun for the space race Rapid succession of research and launches fueled battle for national prestige

  17. The Cold War and the Space Race Explorer 1 First US satellite Sputnik II Carried first living creature to space—dog named Laika Sputnik III Geophysical laboratory Explorer 1 Satellite

  18. The Cold War and the Space Race National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) formed Oct 1958 Budget ballooned to keep pace Russia’s Launch of Luna III (Oct 1959) provided the first photographs of the Moon’s dark side

  19. The Cold War and the Space Race Mecury-Atlas 1 (29 Jul 1960) Exploded 1 minute after liftoff Mercury-Redstone 1 (21 Nov 1960) Collapsed shortly after ignition when engines cut out Mercury-Redstone 2 (21 Jan 1961) Launched Ham, the chimpanzee, on sub-orbital flight

  20. The Cold War:Crewed Spaceflight Yuri Gagarin 12 Apr 1961 One orbit of Earth Gus Grissom and Alan Shepherd May and July of 1961 Sub-orbital flights Gherman Titov 7 Aug 1961 17 orbits of Earth Yuri Gagrin

  21. The Cold War:Other Successes Echo 1 12 Aug 1960 Large “balloon” satellite reflected signal Telstar 1 10 Jul 1962 Actively relayed communications signal Echo 1

  22. Armstrong’s Small Step Saturn V rocket boosted Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Ed White to the Moon Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on the Moon First on the Moon

  23. Satellites and Interplanetary Probes Satellites act as navigation beacons, relay stations for radio and television signals and other forms of communication. Interplanetary probes helped us learn more about the nature of our solar system.

  24. Space Comes of Age Major Trends in Space Space International Space Science Big and Small The New High Ground The Future

  25. Space International Increased cooperation between the United States and the former Soviet Union US Shuttle docked nine times with Russia’s space station Mir from 1995 to 1998 The proposed US “Space Station Freedom” was revamped as the “International Space Station” Russians brought in as a major partner Unprecedented cooperation among 16 nations

  26. Space International International Space Station Russian Space Station Mir

  27. Space Science Missions Large, expensive space programs such as Magellan and the Hubble Space Telescope began the 1990s Reduced budgets and the need to be “faster, better, cheaper” ushered in a new era in the late 1990s

  28. Big Missions—Magellan Mapped 98% of Venus’s surface from 1990 to 1994 Revealed volcanic eruptions on Venus’s changing surface Magellan Spacecraft

  29. Big Missions—Galileo Launched in 1989 to explore Jupiter Captured close-up images of asteroids Investigated impact of the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Sent probe through Jupiter’s atmosphere Discovered frozen water on the moon, Europa, and possibly on the moon, Callisto Did a low-altitude pass by the moon, Io

  30. Big Missions—Galileo Galileo with Jupiter in the background

  31. Big Missions—Ulysses Flew over poles of the Sun in 1994 and 1995 Measured solar wind and other solar properties Ulysses: NASA and ESA combined mission

  32. Big Missions—Cassini Scheduled to reach Saturn in 2004 Will send probe to the surface of Saturn’s Earth-sized moon, Titan May be the last of the multi-billion-dollar probes

  33. Big Missions—Hubble Long series of remarkable discoveries attributed to Hubble Stars being born Stars at the end of their lives Black holes Chemical makeup of Saturn’s moons Size and age of universe narrowed down Shuttle Astronaut repairs Hubble

  34. Small Missions—Stardust Will rendezvous with a comet: Wild-2 Will sample fragments of comet and interstellar dust Will return samples to Earth in 2006 Discovery Mission: Stardust

  35. Small Missions—Mars Pathfinder Landed rover on Mars Returned high-resolution imagery Demonstrated simple low-cost landing Mars’ Twin Peaks

  36. Other Small Missions Lunar Prospector: found large amounts of ice on the Moon Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR): sent up-close imagery and data from the asteroid, Eros Lunar Prospector

  37. Space Incorporated Commercial investment in space surpassed government spending for the first time in the 1990’s Commercial uses of GPS soared Communications satellites fueled demand for cell phones and high-speed digital data transmission Worldwide market for launch service evolved Pegasus—launched from commercial aircraft Converted ICBMs—peaceful use of decommissioned weapons

  38. The New High Ground 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War highlighted pivotal role space assets play in modern warfare GPS allowed navigation across faceless desert Early warning for enemy’s tactical-missile launches (Defense Support Program) helped forces prepare and intercept Weather satellites predicted sand storms Intelligence satellites provided imagery on troop movement and battle-damage assessment

  39. The New High Ground USAF identifies other ways to exploit space power Global awareness Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance Weather prediction Early warning Global reach Ability to deploy troops or weapons anywhere in the world Global power Command, control and communications Weapons targeting

  40. The New High Ground Defense Support Program (DSP) GPS Block 2F

  41. The Future People still willing to take great risks for further exploration and discovery 1986 Challenger accident 2003 Columbia accident Continued scientific experiments onboard the International Space Station Continued inexpensive uncrewed missions to other planets will gather information 21st Century: crewed mission to Mars?

  42. Organizing the Air Force for Space Operations A Beginning Early Visions of Space Operations The Gaither Commission The First Space Tracking Stations The First Satellite From “Air” to “Aerospace”

  43. Organizing the Air Force for Space Operations NORAD Begins Anti-Ballistic Missile Programs Strategic Air Command’s Era A New Command Is Born Consolidating Space Missions

  44. A Beginning Use of the V-2 in World War II showed rockets had military applications US use of a nuclear weapon to end the war in the Pacific heightened mistrust between Russia and the West Postwar recruitment of German scientists by both the West and Russia advanced early rocket programs

  45. Early Visions of Space Operations RAND corporation published Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-circling Spaceship Soviets’ test of first hydrogen bomb and suspected development of missile delivery systems heightened drive for early-warning and tracking systems

  46. The Gaither Commission Commission appointed by President Eisenhower to assess civil defense posture following a nuclear attack Commission also assessed whether a US counter strike was possible Showed counterstrike unlikely due to inability to predict attack until first warhead fell Accelerated US ICBM development and other strategic programs

  47. The First Space Tracking Stations Minitrack Built by the Naval Research Laboratory Network of simple ground tracking stations developed to track a proposed new satellite under the Vanguard Program Moonwatch Smithsonian Institution developed a network of Baker-Nunn Cameras Sought civilian volunteers to phone in when they saw the satellite

  48. The First Satellite Launch of Sputnik shocked the US and highlighted Minitrack’s inability to accurately track Sputnik Sputnik tracking mainly from Moonwatch teams Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) established Project Shepherd as an effort to improve Minitrack’s tracking problems

  49. From “Air” to “Aerospace” 1959 change to the Air Force mission added the word “aerospace” to recognize space’s new importance ARPA opened a system program office to develop equipment and techniques to track space objects and incoming Soviet missiles By the mid 1960s, had three radar sites that could give 15-minute warning of missile impact Radar sites also tracked space objects

  50. NORAD Begins North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) established in Sep 1957 Joint effort with Canada Mission to defend combined airspace of US and Canada Development of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) by US and Soviets created a need for more tracking stations Air Force developed several radars on the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf Coasts Entire system operational by 1972

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