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F aceted A pplication of S ubject T erminology

A Joint Research and Development Project by OCLC and the Library of Congress. F aceted A pplication of S ubject T erminology. Development of a Simplified Subject Heading Schema. Ed O’Neill, OCLC International Seminar on Bibliographic Services: Enhancing Academic Library Bibliographic

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F aceted A pplication of S ubject T erminology

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  1. A Joint Research and Development Project by OCLC and the Library of Congress Faceted Applicationof Subject Terminology Development of a Simplified Subject Heading Schema Ed O’Neill, OCLC International Seminar on Bibliographic Services: Enhancing Academic Library Bibliographic Services in a Changing Environment Hong Kong, August 28, 2006

  2. OCLC Eric Childress, Becky Dean, Anya Dyer, Kerre Kammerer, Diane Vizine-Goetz Team Effort ALA ALCTS/SAC Library of Congress Lynn El-Hoshy Lois Mai Chan JULAC 2006

  3. Need for New Approach • Phenomenal growth of electronic resources • Emergence of numerous new metadata schemes • Lack of skilled subject catalogers JULAC 2006

  4. Requirements • Simplein structure and syntax • Usable by non-catalogers and in non-library environments • Semantic interoperability • Compatible with MARC, Dublin Core, and other popular metadata schemas • Easy maintainability • Amenable to computer-assistedauthority control JULAC 2006

  5. Options The ALCTS/SAC/Subcommittee on Metadata and Subject Analysis(1997-2001) identified three basic approaches to selecting an indexing/subject heading schema for Internet resources: • Develop a new schema • Use an existing schema(s) • Adapt or modify an existing schema JULAC 2006

  6. Issues considered Vocabulary (Semantics): Terminology and term relationships Application (Syntax): How words are put together to form subject terms JULAC 2006

  7. Adapting LCSH: Advantages • Rich vocabulary covering all subject areas • Synonym and homograph control • Extensive hierarchical and associative references among terms • De facto standard controlled vocabulary, extensively used by libraries, contained in millions of bibliographic records • Long and well-documented history • Strong institutional support of the Library of Congress JULAC 2006

  8. Adapting LCSH: Limitations • Incompatible in syntax with most other controlled vocabularies • Not amenable to search engines outside of the OPAC environment • Complex subject heading strings in bibliographic or metadata records are costly to maintain • Does not lend itself to automatic indexing or authority control • Requires highly skilled personnel JULAC 2006

  9. Classification--Books. • Z693.5 Chan, Lois Mai. • U6C48 Cataloging and classification: an • introduction / Lois Mai Chan. -- 2nd ed. • New York : McCraw-Hill, c1994. • xxii, 519 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. • Includes bibliographical references (p. • 493-502) and index. ISBN 0-07-010506-5 1. Cataloging--United States. 2. Class- ification--Books. I. Title. • Cataloging--United States. • Z693.5 Chan, Lois Mai. • U6C48 Cataloging and classification: an • introduction / Lois Mai Chan. -- 2nd ed. • New York : McCraw-Hill, c1994. • xxii, 519 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. • Includes bibliographical references (p. • 493-502) and index. ISBN 0-07-010506-5 1. Cataloging--United States. 2. Class- ification--Books. I. Title. LCSH in Card Catalogs • Z693.5 Chan, Lois Mai. • U6C48 Cataloging and classification: an • introduction / Lois Mai Chan. -- 2nd ed. • New York : McCraw-Hill, c1994. • xxii, 519 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. • Includes bibliographical references (p. • 493-502) and index. ISBN 0-07-010506-5 1. Cataloging--United States. 2. Class- ification--Books. I. Title. • LCSH was originally created for card catalogs—a 3x5 card environment • Cards restricted the number of subject headings per item • Cards required pre-coordinated vocabulary JULAC 2006

  10. LCSH Topical Heading in WorldCat 170,824 (2%) Established 9,032,049 Distinct Topical Headings 3,390,685 (38%) Used by LC 5,231,613 (60%) Not used by LC 5,595,472 (62%) Have Been Assigned Only Once JULAC 2006

  11. Valid But Not Established LCSH • Established Main heading/free-floating subdivision(s): • Burns and scalds—Patients—Family relationships • Travel—Early works to 1800 • Free-floating phrase headings • Woodwind trios (English horn, oboes (2)) • Geographic subdivisions • Banks and banking—China • Multiples • United States. Navy—History—War of 1812 JULAC 2006

  12. LCSH Patterns for Subdivisions Free-floating subdivisions controlled by pattern headings are one example of how an established heading can be expanded. The scope of patterns is limited to particular types (patterns) of headings. Burns and scalds $x Patients $x Family relationships JULAC 2006

  13. Complex Rules for Construction Heading Construction Heading Selection JULAC 2006

  14. The FAST Solution • Retain LCSH’s rich vocabulary • Develop a simplified faceted syntax • Faceting makes it possible to pre-construct and establish all headings eliminating the need to construct headings • Cataloging/indexing is reduced to selecting appropriate headings from FAST database • Supports faceted searching & retrieval • Individual facets can be combined with other schemas JULAC 2006

  15. Sources of FAST Headings • Library of Congress Subject Authority File LC headings that combine different facets are deconstructed into discrete headings, each containing only one facet. • Headings assigned to bibliographic records in OCLC’s WorldCat Many complex headings, i.e., those containing more than one element in the heading string, are based on literary warrant. They are derived from subject fields in the records in OCLC’s WorldCat. • Headings created for FAST In some cases, faceting has required FAST headings to be created when no LCSH equivalents exists. JULAC 2006

  16. Eight Facets Personal Names Kilgour, Frederick G. Topical Subject headings ―Evaluation Corporate Names American Library Association Geographic China―Hong Kong Form (Genre) Guidebooks Events Olympic Games Chronological 1939 - 1945 Uniform Titles Chun qiu (Confucius) JULAC 2006

  17. Main headings A FAST main heading contains a word or phrase representing a concept or entity that falls into one—and only one—of the eight FAST facets. Banks and banking Bibliography California Catalogs 1914 - 1918 Chemistry, Organic Emigration and immigration Self-esteem Spain JULAC 2006

  18. Subdivisions A heading string may contain one or more subdivisions belonging to the same facet as the main heading Abortion—Law and legislation—Criminal provisions Alcoholics—Services for—Planning Americans—Travel—Historiography Asians—Legal status, laws, etc. Bibliography—Union lists Brain—Cancer—Patients—Family relationships California—San Francisco—Chinatown Michigan—Lake Charlevoix Ohio—Columbus JULAC 2006

  19. Modular Approach • Each facet forms a distinct and discrete list of headings in a separate file. • These lists may be used together or separately. In a particular application, not all facets are required. For example, in indexing a collection of naturally occurring objects, the chronological and personal name headings may not be applicable. • One or more of the facets may be used with other standard lists, for instance, using topical headings from FAST and geographic headings from the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names(TGN) JULAC 2006

  20. All Headings Are Established • FAST uses the MARC 21 authority format • The MARC 21 bibliographic and authority formats were revised to accommodate FAST by authorizing the x48 (Chronological) fields • Assigning FAST headings doesn’t require an understanding of the rules for constructing headings • Authorities can serve as indexes • Automatic and/or machine assisted assignment possible JULAC 2006

  21. Topical Headings • Secret service • Urbanization • Hospitals—Administration—Data processing • Cataloging—Analytical entry • Photoconductivity—Measurement • Woodwind trios (English horn, oboes (2)) • Sailing—Safety measures JULAC 2006

  22. Topical Authority Record 001    fst01022140 003    OCoLC 005    20041024193313.0 008    041024zneanz||babn n ana d 040    OCoLC $b eng $c OCoLC $f fast 150    Mine safety 450    Mine accidents $x Prevention 450    Mining engineering $x Safety measures 450    Mining safety 550    Industrial safety 550    Mineral industries $x Safety measures 688    LC subject usage: 203 (2005) 688    WC subject usage: 2,094 (2005) 750  0 Mine safety $0 (DLC)sh 85085532 JULAC 2006

  23. Geographic Facet • Geographic names will be established and applied in indirect order, [China—Hong Kong not Hong Kong (China)] • First level geographic names will be limited to names from the Geographic Area Codes table (e.g., Ohio, Victoria, Great Lakes, etc.) Other names will be entered as subdivisions under the smallest first level name in which it is fully contained [Europe—Curzon Line] • Bodies of water (Bays, Gulfs, etc.) that are part of oceans are established under the larger body of water [Atlantic Ocean—Chesapeake Bay not Chesapeake Bay (Md. and Va.)] • Geographic Area Codes are included in all authority records for geographic names JULAC 2006

  24. Geographic Headings Queensland [u-at-qn] Mars [zma] Maryland—Worcester County [n-us-md] Slovenia—Maribor [e-xv] Norway—Oslo Metropolitan Area [e-no] England—Chilton (Oxfordshire) [e-uk-en] India—Limbdi (Princely State) [a-ii] New South Wales—Sydney—Bondi [u-at-ne] Pacific Ocean—Rowan Bay [p] JULAC 2006

  25. Geographic Authority Record • 001    fst01340110 • 003    OCoLC • 005    20060412132229.0 • 008    060412nneanz||babn n ana d • 040    OCoLC   $b eng   $c OCoLC   $f fast • 043    p • 151    Pacific Ocean $z Rowan Bay • 670    GNIS, Feb. 10, 2004 $b (Rowan Bay; bay; • 7 mi. N of Tebenkof Bay, on W coast of Kuiu • I., Alex. Arch.; Wrangell-Petersburg Census • Area, Alaska; 564002 N, 1341434 W; • another Rowan Bay, pop. place in Wrangell- • Petersburg Census Area) • 751  0 Rowan Bay (Alaska : Bay) $0 (DLC)sh2004005090 JULAC 2006

  26. Uniform Title Headings Uniform titles are entered directly: • Anonymous • Beowulf • Dead Sea scrolls • Personal Authors • Paradise regained (Milton, John) • Killers (Hemingway, Ernest) • Corporate Authors • Job Training Partnership Act (United States) • Basic law (Hong Kong) JULAC 2006

  27. Event Headings Events (Conference & Meetings) are entered without locations or dates; the place and dates are faceted into their own facets. JULAC 2006

  28. Form (Genre) Headings Case studies Abstracts Census Rules Dictionaries Folklore Bibliography—Catalogs Periodicals Guidebooks JULAC 2006

  29. Personal and Corporate Names • Headings for persons: • Woodward, Bob • Dewey, Melvil, 1851-1931 • Kennedy family • Charles II, King of France, 823-877 • Headings for corporate bodies: • OCLC • Ford Motor Company • Dixie Chicks (Musical group) JULAC 2006

  30. Chronological (Period) • FAST chronological headings consist of only a single date or a date range • Limited to a single chronological heading per bibliographic record • Authority records will only be established when needed for references or linkages • Headings consist of either a single date or a starting and ending date but will be formatted for display: • 1945 • 1942 – 1945 • Since 1987 • 221 B.C. - 220 A.D. JULAC 2006

  31. LCSH to FAST Conversion 650 World War, 1939-1945 $xInfluence $vFiction 650 Reconstruction (1939-1951) $vFiction 651 Hong Kong (China) $Fiction 651 England $vFiction 651 Japan $vFiction. LCSH 648 1939 -1951 650 World War, 1939-1945—Influence 650 Reconstruction (1939-1951) 651 China—Hong Kong 651 England 651 Japan 655 Fiction FAST JULAC 2006

  32. Databases The FAST database is available as an OCLC SiteSearch database at http://fast.oclc.org The database may be unavailable for extended periods This version of FAST is being applied and evaluated in a few applications The Subject Analysis Committee has established a Subcommittee on FAST to provide guidance and evaluation JULAC 2006

  33. Current FAST Database Personal name headings 510,095 Corporate name headings 283,581 Topical headings 412,709 Geographic name headings 148,960 Form headings 694 Uniform Titles ? Events ? Total FAST authorities 1,356,039 JULAC 2006

  34. Future Development Plans • Update and resynchronize all FAST headings with LCSH • Develop the conference/meetings facet • Develop the uniform titles facet • Expand the geographic names based on usage data and add information from the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) • Revise and expand the form (genre) facet • Complete the FAST manual JULAC 2006

  35. Advantages of FAST • Reduces elaborate heading construction rules for catalogers and indexers; heading construction is at vocabulary rather than application level • Is able to accommodate both precoordinate and postcoordinate indexing and retrieval • Is more amenable to computer-assisted indexing and authority control • Is easier and more economical to maintain than a highly enumerative vocabulary • Facilitates mapping of subject data and cross-domain searching • Accommodates different retrieval models JULAC 2006

  36. Summary LCSH Vocabulary Faceted Hierarchical Fully established Compatible with LCSH JULAC 2006

  37. Questions? oneill@oclc.org http://fast.oclc.org JULAC 2006

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