Unit 2: the lifespan

1. Unit 2: the lifespan Infancy and childhood Adolescence Adulthood and old age

2. Specialized study of the changes that occur as an individual matures. What is Developmental Psychology???

3. In what ways do we develop? Physical Perceptual Language Cognitive Emotional Social Moral Sexual Identity

4. Infancy and Childhood

5. Physical - Reflexes Diving reflex

6. Physical • Maturation: internally programmed growth, maturational readiness • Learning: experience  permanent behavior change

8. Perceptual How do we know what infants perceive?

9. Perceptual • Head turns toward stimulus • Eyes fixate • Sucking rate increases • Agitation

10. Perceptual Robert Fantz studied visual preferences

11. Perceptual Visual cliff illustrates development of depth perception around 6 months

12. Language • Language and thought intertwined, symbols • Vocabulary vs grammar (chimps can learn signs: Washoe learned 160 by age 5, but no grammar)

14. Language • Babies who learn sign language communicate earlier (view “Baby Signs”) • Is there a Critical Period for language acquisition? Consider the case of “Genie”. (view “Wild Child”)

15. Section Quiz 3-1

16. Cognitive • According to Jean Piaget: • Intelligence grows as children grow • Cognitive development has distinct stages:

17. Complete Graphic Organizer 3

18. Cognitive • Need representational thought / schema before object permanence: object exists even if unseen • Assimilation: fitting new ideas into existing schema • Accomodation: changing schema to incorporate new ideas • Egocentric thinking: everyone knows what I know • Conservation: amount doesn’t change just because appearance / shape changes • Multiple mothers, mirrors, hide & seek, imaginary playmates: evidence of changing thinking ability

19. Konrad Lorenz Emotional • Imprinting: immediate bond between mother and offspring

20. Emotional Harry Harlow View video clip Contact Comfort is critical to survival

21. Emotional • Strange Situation technique to assess attachment • Separation Anxiety aka “making strange” • Attachment disorder (view “Dylan”)

23. Section Quiz 3-2

24. Social Diana Baumrind Authoritative aka Democratic Permissive aka Laissez faire Application activity 3 “Parenting styles”

25. Social • Socialization = learning the rules of behavior of your culture • Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development • Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development • Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

29. Social • Albert Bandura’s social learning theory • View video: Bobo doll experiment

30. Section Quiz 3-3

31. Adolescence

32. Physical and Sexual • Asynchrony: uneven growth

33. Physical and Sexual • Theories of adolescence: • Initiation rites • Storm and stress (Hall) • Cultural (Mead) • Developmental tasks (Havighurst): • Accept body & acquire masculine or feminine gender role • Develop appropriate relations with peers of both sexes • Become emotionally independent of parents / adults • Expect financial independence • Choose, prepare for and enter a vocation • Develop cognitive skills & concepts -> social competence • Understand and achieve socially responsible behavior • Prepare for marriage and family • Acquire appropriate values

34. Physical and Sexual • Puberty = Sexual maturation (end of childhood) • Menarche = first menstrual period • Spermarche = first ejaculation • Issues • What do you think? • Sexual awareness, role of family, religion, government, teen pregnancy, STDs and AIDS • Early/late maturing

35. Section Quiz 4-1

36. Personal Complete graphic organizer 4 • Abstract / hypothetical: formal operations • Rationalizations: protect self-esteem from emotions • Adolescent problems due to immature and abstract thinking (Elkind): • Finding fault with authority • Argumentativeness • Indecisiveness • Apparent hypocrisy • Self-consciousness • Invulnerability

37. Personal Complete graphic organizer 4 • Identity crisis (Erikson) – stage 5: identity vs role confusion (Who am I?) • Identity categories (Marcia): • Moratorium (considering but no decision) • Foreclosure (decision but not their own) • Confused (not considering and no decision) • Achievement (considered and decided)

38. Section Quiz 4-2

39. Social • Cliques & conformity • Issues: • Depression (triggered by breakdown of family unit or loss of loved ones, express anger vs sadness on adults) • Delinquency (running away from home, teen pregnancy, alcohol/drug abuse, underachievement at school) • Suicide (tripled in past 50 years, troubled teens don’t simply “outgrow problems, warning signs, hotlines) • Eating disorders: • Anorexia (desire for control) (encourage weight gain & address psychological problems) • Bulimia (alienation, desire for social approval) (therapy & antidepressant drugs)

40. Section Quiz 4-3

41. Gender Application activity 4 “Gender Role Characteristics” Identity = physical & biological makeup Role influenced by gender identity, society, and culture LGBTTS Differences (aggression – women indirect, cognitive ability – women hedge, math and verbal the same but men more confident), stereotypes (overgeneralized) Androgyny (Bem)

42. Gender • Theories: • Biological (anatomy, hormones, brain, evolution) • Psychoanalytic (identification) • Social learning (observation & imitation of models) • Cognitive-development (learning from experience, development of gender schema)

43. Section Quiz 4-4

44. Adulthood and Old Age

45. Adulthood • Marriage (90% marry, 40-60% divorce, happy couples argue constructively) • Levinson’s theory of male development (early adult transition, age 30 crisis, settling down, midlife transition 40-45, middle adulthood) • Women’s issues (climacteric = physical and psychological changes, menopause, “empty nest syndrome”, depression) • Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (stage 7: generativity vs stagnation corresponds with midlife transition)

46. Section Quiz 5-1

47. Old Age • Ageism: prejudice / discrimination against elderly (Application activity 5) • Good health in youth -> old age • Masters & Johnson(ok to keep having sex) • Chronic diseases of elderly:heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis Complete Graphic Organizer 5

48. Old Age • Decremental model of aging: progressive physical and mental decline inevitable • Decline in nervous system responsible • Intelligence: • Crystalized:use accumulated knowledge • Fluid:solve problems and generate new ideas • Senile dementia(memory loss, forgetfulness, disorientation, altered personality, impaired attention) • Alzheimer’s disease (most common dementia, neurological disease, destroys ability to think, remember, relate to others, care for self) Complete Graphic Organizer 5

49. Section Quiz 5-2

50. Dying and Death • Thanatology = study of dying and death • Kubler-Ross’s Stages of psychological acceptance of death and dying: • (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) • Dying with dignity: • Hospice = facility to care for special needs • Assisted suicide (controversial)