1 / 25

What is Vaccine

What is Vaccine. Attenuated or killed microorganisms or proteins derived from them, administered for the prevention, treatment, of infectious diseases

llago
Télécharger la présentation

What is Vaccine

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. What is Vaccine • Attenuated or killed microorganisms or proteins derived from them, administered for the prevention, treatment, of infectious diseases • A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. Vaccinology.

  2. What is Vaccinology? • Vaccinology is the science of developing vaccines to prevent diseases Vaccinology.

  3. Aims of Immunisation Programmes • To protect those at highest risk • To eradicate, eliminate or control disease Currently, it is estimated that vaccination saves the lives of 3 million children a year • Eradication • Infection (pathogen) has been removed worldwide e.g. smallpox • Elimination • Disease has disappeared from one area but remains elsewhere e.g. polio, measles • Control • Disease no longer constitutes a significant public health problem e.g. neo-natal tetanus Vaccinology.

  4. The Ideal Vaccine • Immunogenic • Long lasting immunity • Safe • Stable in field conditions • Combined • Single dose • Affordable (and accessible) to all Vaccinology.

  5. Categorization of Current Vaccines • Live attenuated:Viruses (oral polio, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever), Bacteria (BCG, cholera)- Long lasting immunity, Killed Vaccines: Viruses (hep. A, Salk polio) Bacteria (pertussis, cholera)-intermediate immunity, several doses may be required • Sub-unit vaccines incl: • Toxoids: (tetanus, hep b., • Conjugate polysacaride vaccines linked with suitable carrier proteins (Hib).. Vaccinology.

  6. Viral Vaccines Vaccinology.

  7. Bacterial Vaccines Vaccinology.

  8. Target Parasitic Disease • Malaria • Leishmaniasis • Toxoplasmosis Vaccinology.

  9. Selective Vaccination • Vaccine given specifically to those at increased risk of disease: • High risk groups • e.g. Pneumococcal vaccine • Occupational risk • e.g. Hepatitis B, influenza • Travellers • e.g. Yellow fever, rabies, meningitis • Outbreak control • e.g. Hepatitis A. vaccine, measles Vaccinology.

  10. Disease Incidence • Main sources of data • Statutory notification • Laboratory reporting • Death registrations • Other sources • Hospital episodes • GP reporting • Paediatric surveillance Vaccinology.

  11. Vaccine Safety Vaccinology.

  12. “Acceptable” Risk? • Local side effects • Swelling, redness • Systemic side effects • Fever, pain, allergic reaction • MMR and Thrombocytopenia • MMR(V) and febrile seizures • Adolescent vaccines and syncope • Guillain-Barré and MCV4 Vaccinology.

  13. MMR & Thrombocytopenia • 1 in 40,000 at 12-23 months Journal of Autoimmunity 2001 16: 309-18 Vaccinology.

  14. MMR(V) & Febrile Seizures • 10% develop fever after 1st MMR dose MMWR 2008 57: 258-60 Vaccinology.

  15. Reportingimmunizationrequirements: Documenting administration of vaccine Content • Name and address of vaccine • Medicare number • Date of birth and gender • Date of administration • Name and lot number of vaccine • Name of immunizer • Other data as required Vaccinology. 15

  16. Immunization Practice Standards • Vaccine management • Informed consent • Administration of vaccine • Documentation • Anaphylaxis management • Reporting of adverse events Vaccinology.

  17. Immunization practice standards: Vaccine management-Storage and handling of vaccine • Cold chain system • Vaccine coolers • Cold and warm marks or minimum-maximum thermometers

  18. Immunization practice standardsInformed consent • Parental consent required for individuals • less than 16 years old • Risk vs. benefits (of receiving vaccine or not) • vaccine and potential side effects • Ensure info is well understood • Allow opportunities for questions • Assess health with screening questions • Document informed consent Vaccinology.

  19. Immunization practice standardsInformed consentScreening Questions (Examples) • Has history of severe life-threatening allergy to • Eggs • Pasthistory of Guillain Barre Syndrome • Has disease or treatment lowering immunity • Has severe bleeding disorder Vaccinology.

  20. Immunization practice standardsAdministration of vaccineIntramuscular injection IM in vastus lateralis (Birth to 18 months) IM in deltoid (18 mths and over) Vaccinology. Source : http://www.health.gov.nl.ca/health/publications/immunization/S4/

  21. Immunization practice standardsAdministration of vaccinePost-vaccination • Check • For bruising, redness, swelling • Client for any adverse event • Instruct client • To wait 15 minutes • Of possible side effects and what to do • To call if adverse event in next 4 weeks • Need for a second dose Vaccinology.

  22. Immunization practice standardsDocumentation • Consent form • Client immunization record • Adverse event following immunization Vaccinology.

  23. Immunization practice standardsAnaphylaxis management • Assess and manage ABCs • Call for help • Administer epinephrine • Call 115 • Repeat dose as needed • Document Vaccinology.

  24. Immunization practice standards Occupational health issues • Used injection material • Handling • Disposal • Sharp containers • Where to place • When to replace • How to dispose of • Needle stick injury – refer to RHA policy • Use of personal protective equipment and infection control measures Vaccinology.

  25. References • Geoffrey A. Weinberg and Peter G. Szilagyi. Vaccine Epidemiology: Efficacy, Effectiveness ,and the Translational Research Roadmap. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010; 201 (11): 1607 -1610 • European Program for Intervention Epidemiology Training. Principle of Vaccinology. 2008 • EPI coverage survey, WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/routine/EPI_coverage_survey.pdf. Access date: 10.10.2011 • Geert Leroux-Roels, Paolo Bonanni, Terapong Tantawichien,Fred Zepp. Understanding Modern Vaccines: Perspectives in Vaccinology Vaccine development. Volume1/ Issue1/ 115-150 • Thomas D. Szucs. Health economic research on vaccinations and immunization practices—an intro uctory primer. Vaccine 23 (2005): 2095–2103 • NB Immunization Handbook, sections IV-III, IV-IV Vaccinology.

More Related