The New South

1. The New South Industry, Farming, & African Americans

2. Industries & Cities • The “New South” –visions of a modern economy of Agriculture & Industry • Use South’s Natural Resources to develop industry: cotton, wood, iron ore

3. Industry Cont’d • In the 1880s, Northern money backs: • TEXTILES in N.C., S.C., & G.A. • Cigar & Lumber Production in N.C. & V.A. • Coal, Iron, & Steel Processing creates urban centers—Nashville, Tennessee & Birmingham, Alabama

4. Agriculture • More diverse—more grain, tobacco, and fruit crops • Move from large plantations to smaller farms • Tenant farming & sharecropping

5. Railroads Expand • Industrialization NEEDS transportation! • South needs to build more railroads—move supplies to market, join rural and urban centers: New Orleans, Mobile, Charleston • By 1880s, only 2 rail lines linked S. freight to N. markets • Texas to Chicago • Tennessee to Washington, D.C.

6. Funding Railroads • South lobbied the Federal Government for help to fund railroads • Also, used prison labor to keep costs of railroad construction down • More railroads=new bustling cities: Atlanta, Dallas, & Nashville

7. 1. Railroads were crucial to the success of westward expansion 2. Goods and raw materials from east to west 3. Farmers needed the railroads for their crops and for supplies 4. The government gives land grants and money to help build rail lines RAILROADS!

8. Economic Recovery in the South • Obstacles: 1) Damages to repair from the war 2) Industry and Economic Development have • 3 major needs: Natural Resources, Labor, Capital • Natural Resources in the South= YES • Labor in the South=NO • Capital in the South=NO

9. Obstacles to Economic Development Labor Capital Few banks survived war Surviving banks had fewer assets than N. Banks S. wealth concentrated Tenant farmers & low-paid workers had no cash to deposit in banks South dependent on N. banks to start or expand businesses • Limited public ed. • Lack of technical & engineering schools to train people for industry • Low wages—kept skilled workers away from South, and lured Southern workers to find better wages/conditions elsewhere

10. Hard Times for Farmers • Lure of the CASH CROP continues after war • King Cotton rebounds to prewar levels by 1880s • Price for cotton had fallen by this time • WHY???

11. RISKY BUSINESS! • DEPENDENCE ON ONE CROP IS RISKY! • Boll Weevil disaster—beetle which destroyed cotton • Appeared in 1890s & drastically affected cotton yield over the next decade—more than a 50% drop in some states

12. WITH OUR POWERS COMBINED… • In the 1870s, Texas farmers started organizing for lower supply prices • Local Organizations linked to form the FARMER’S ALLIANCE (in the South & West) • Wanted government to do two things… • WHAT WERE THEY?

13. Farmer’s Alliances • Lower freight prices—get crops to markets at lower prices • Regulate interest rate for bank loans to farmers

14. Black Southerners • REMEMBER the 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments! • FREE CITIZENS VOTE! • What were some gains for African American southerners initially?

15. Gains • 1) Right to vote in local/federal elections • 2) Serve in gov. or military • 3) Open businesses • 4) Buy farmland • 5) Invited to join Farmers’ Alliance groups in some locations (interracial cooperation) • 6) Civil Rights Act of 1875—guaranteed right to ride trains and use public facilities • 7) ACCESS TO EDUCATION!!!! • Basic literacy schools and teacher colleges

16. Losses • Some white southerners look for a scapegoat for the troubles and frustrations of the time • KKK uses violence and terror • Churches revert from integration back to segregation • New laws support eliminating black gov. officials • 1883—series of Civil Rights cases—Supreme Court rules that decisions regarding use of public accommodations is a local issue to be decided by state laws

17. Westward Expansion Native Americans

18. NATIVE PRACTICES • Believed in a variety of Gods • Religion was based on nature and spirits • Performed numerous rituals to show the gods their allegiance • Complex marriage and burial practices • Passage of Manhood and Power • Relationship to the land

19. Many Different Groups

20. Great Plains Sioux/Dakotas, Cheyenne, Blackfeet, Crows, Comanches • Nomadic tribes and village dwellers • Horses allow them to search for food not grown • Become better hunters • Peaceful tribes that defended their territories when threatened

21. Navajo Natives - More nomadic - Built houses in nature or on the countryside PUEBLOS Natives Cliff dwellers Irrigated dry land to grow corn, beans, squash SOUTHWEST

22. Klamaths, Chinooks, & Shastas, Nez Perce 1. Many tribes that thrived in the climate regions—abundant fish/forest animals 2. Most famous tribe – Nez Perce 3. Chief Joseph was their most famous leader 4. Believed strongly in peace and negotiations with Whites Northwest Natives

23. APACHE Defended their territory and expanded into other natives areas 2. Geronimo was a hero of the tribe COMANCHE 1. One of the most Violent tribes 2. Controlled most of Texas at one time 3. Nomadic tribe SOUTHWEST

25. Diverse Use of Buffalo • USES OF BUFFALO?

26. Native USES Food Weapons Clothing Tepee coverings Blood in religious practices Storage BUFFALO

27. Native Americans & Policy of Removal • 1830—Indian Removal Act—exchange of Indian lands in the South for lands in modern-day Oklahoma (Choctaws & Chicasaws) • 1832—Worchester v. Georgia “John Marshall has made his decision….” • 1838—Trail of Tears—U.S. soldiers forced 16,000 Cherokees from Southeast to Oklahoma—4,000 casualties • 1842, Seminoles forces to leave Florida

28. Western Migration of Native Americans • After the Civil War, about 250,000 Native Americans lived west of the Mississippi River. • Between the 1840s and 1860s—pressure from more White settlers led to conflicts with land

29. REASONS FOR WHITE SETTLEMENT • Cheap land • GOLD and SILVER strikes • Land speculators – buy low and sell for profit • Homesteads – free land by the government • Opportunities not available in the East • Escaping poverty or the law • Adventure • Desire for cross-continental railroad

30. Settlers & Native Americans • By 1851, the federal government had begun to restrict Indians to smaller areas. • By the 1860s, they were forced onto Reservations. • No longer free to roam the Plains—denied access to buffalo which provided a source for lodging, clothing, food, and tools

31. More Bad News Disease Buffalo herds destroyed—wasted meat, killed primarily for hides or for sport

32. Resistance & Violence

33. Native Americans’ Resistance • Sioux Rebellion of 1862—resisted threats to land and attacked White settlements in Eastern Minnesota • Gov. retaliated with full-scale war—Sioux were pushed west into the Dakotas • A series of attacks on settlements followed.

34. Sand Creek Massacre • 1864 • Officer John Chivington and his band of Colorado militia opened fire on unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians under U.S. protection—signaled friendship-how?

35. Sand Creek MassacreChivington Massacre • Massacre of men, women, & children • More resistance warfare followed • Federal government sent in troops to the West to maintain order after the Civil War

36. Red Cloud 1) Federal Government announces plans to build a road through Sioux hunting grounds—leads to increased hostilities 2) In 1866, Warrior Red Cloud and followers lured Captain William Fetterman & his troops into an ambush and kills them all 3) The Gov. U.S. Indian Peace Commission—believed the only solution was for N. Americans to settle on farms and assimilate the civ. of whites.

37. Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 • Gov. agrees not to build road through Sioux Territory & to abandon three U.S. forts • Sioux and others agreed to live on Reservations with support from the Federal Gov. –schools and other communal buildings promised • Bureau of Indian Affairs appointed agents to distribute land & supplies for farming

38. Fort Laramie Treaty cont’d • 1) Many Indians drifted away from Reservations to continue roaming and hunting • 2) Many Indian Agents stole funds and resources meant for distribution • 3) Some agents lacked support and funding to enforce the terms of the treaty

39. The End of the Wars

40. The Red River War—setting the stage • Texas • The government had failed to enforce the terms of the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge—Government failed to: • Deliver food and supplies • Punish white lawlessness • Keep white buffalo hunters off Indian hunting grounds

41. Red River War cont’d • Series of major and minor incidents involving Kiowas and Comanches in Texas • began with an Indian attack on Texans near the Red River in June 1874. • Ended in June 1875 when the last Comanche holdouts surrendered to U.S. troops • Opened Western panhandle of Texas to white settlement

42. Red River Wars A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow battle in 1874, one of several clashes between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War. Image from TARL Collections (TMM-1988-21 Reverse).

43. Battle of Little Big Horn • Sioux and Cheyenne tribes were upset about continued violations of the Black Hills area reservations—Black Hills Gold Rush of 1875 in Dakotas & Montana • Attacked numerous times, led by Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull • Lt Col George Custer and force of 250 men–day ahead of main force, and was surprised and trapped by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull & 2,000 Indians • The Natives were vicious in the mutilation of the American bodies – spirits would walk the earth forever – never finding peace

44. Little Big Horn cont’d • Army forces tracked down Indians • Beaten down by weather & starvation • Crazy horse and followers surrendered • Sitting Bull escaped to Canada

45. Nez Perces • Idaho, 1877 • Nez Perces were to be moved to a smaller reservation to make room for white settlers • Many were Christians who had settled down • Chief Joseph led a group of refugees to Canada, but forced to surrender close to the border • Banished with group to barren reservation in Oklahoma

46. Wounded Knee • Natives were practicing the ancient tradition of the Ghost Dance • Religious revival that called on return of ancestors, banishment of whites, and return of the buffalo

47. The Ghost Dance

48. Wounded Knee Massacre • In 1890Troops went to stop the ghost dance practice • Ordered arrest of Sitting Bull-he was killed • Set out after fleeing Indians 4. Troops demanded Natives give up weapons! 5. Shot rang out! 6. Troops opened fire! 7. 100 men, women, & children Natives killed 8. LAST GREAT NATIVE MASSACRE and WAR

50. Government Policy & Native Americans • Hoped for assimilation • Some Americans spoke out and defended the natives way of life. • Helen Hunt Jackson wrote Century of Dishonor about the mistreatment of the natives. • Susette La Flesche fought for recognition of Native rights in the courts and taught on a reservation.