The New South

1. The New South

2. Bourbon Triumvirate Redemption Era : period after Reconstruction and before the “New South” • Redeem the state from the hardships of Reconstruction (i.e.…The Republican Party) • The Bourbon Triumvirate: Joseph Brown, Alfred Colquitt, and John Gordon • Democrats who wanted stronger economic ties with northern industry but maintain “old South traditions” (White Supremacy)

3. Joseph Brown • Yale Law School • Opened law office in Canton, GA • State senator • Judge • N. Georgia farmer • 1857: elected governor • State’s rights activist • Possible connections to KKK Annals: records Governor Joseph Brown

4. Alfred Colquitt • Princeton Law School • Fought in Mexican War • State senator • Maj. Gen. in Confederate Army • 1876: elected Governor • State debt reduced • New state constitution (1877) Political Ally: one who shares a common cause Alfred Colquitt

5. John B. Gordon • Lt. Gen. in Confederate Army • Newspaper man • Manager of coal mine • Rumored Head of Georgia’s KKK during Reconstruction • 1886: elected Governor • Brought new industry to Georgia. Lt. Gen. John B. Gordon

6. Successes State taxes lowered State war debts reduced Business and industry expanded Failures Did not improve lives of poor Education suffered Did not reform prisons Poor working conditions in factories The Bourbon Triumvirate

7. Convict Lease System • Prisoners were leased (rented) to people who provided them with housing and food in exchange for labor (Slavery?) • Repairing/building Railroads • Farming • Mining • Rules ignored, such as…health care, work on Sundays, adequate clothing and housing. • Paid workers were not given work because of cheap Convict Lease System…Bourbon Triumvirate took advantage of this! Chain gang in western North Carolina

8. The 1906 Atlanta Riot • Occurred Sept. 22nd- Sept. 24, 1906 The Negro population grew from 9000 in 1880 to 35, 000 in 1910. Growth caused increased competition for jobs and deepened class divisions. Articles printed in local newspapers evoked racial tension to riot level. 2 day rioting resulted in an unofficial death toll of 25-40 blacks and 2 whites The barbershop owned by Alonzo Herndon was damaged. Atlanta Journal Constitution Headlines provoked white men. Riot made International News _France.

9. Who is Alonzo Herndon? • Was a Georgia native who became the wealthiest Black man in the city of Atlanta at the time of his death in1927. • His businesses include a chain of barbershops and the most successful black-owned insurance co. in the nation. • He owned 100 houses on Auburn Avenue. • He was active an active member of the NAACP and founded the National Negro Business League. Alonzo Herndon Alonzo Herndon’s house

10. Rebecca and William Felton • Roots of Populist Movement • Led a group of independent Democrats against the Triumvirate • From Cartersville William Felton: U.S. Congressman; served in GA General Assembly • Worked to improve education, prison reform, and paved the way for controls and limits on alcohol. Rebecca Latimer Felton Picture of 1930 Prohibition

11. Rebecca Felton • A leader towards suffrage-votes, particularly for women. • Pushed for temperance-anti-alcohol • Popular writer for the “Atlanta Journal” • Used paper as a forum (Way to communicate ideas…TV, paper, radio, speech…) • Began Georgia Training School for Girls in Atlanta • With Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage • First female U.S. Senatorin nation’s history • Replaced another Senator due to death (24 hours

12. “The New South” • New South: A phrase used to describe southern progress in the late 1800s…Industry! • Henry W. Grady: first to use the phrase…editor for the Atlanta Daily Journal Henry W. Grady The international Cotton Exposition

13. The International Cotton Exposition • In 1881, as part of his New South Program, Henry Grady promoted Georgia's first International Cotton Exposition • The exposition attracted 200,000 paid visitors during its two and a half month run and showed the country that Georgia was ready for more industry

14. Booker T. Washington • Born as a slave (Emancipation Proclamation set him free.) • Young boy – got up at 4a.m. to work in salt mines – went to school in the p.m. • Age of 22 – became an instructor at Hampton Institute (a school for black students); later became the principal. • 1881 - Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama (The Tuskegee Institute was the training ground for the Tuskegee Airmen, the famous all-black flying squadron of World War II. • recognized as the nation's foremost black educator.

15. Booker T. Washington (cont.) • called for whites to take the initiative in improving social and economic relations between the races. • His ideas of shared responsibility and the importance of education over equality came to be known as the Atlanta Compromise.

16. Jim Crow laws • Jim Crow - term used for practices and rules that discriminate along color lines. • System of segregation • Jim Crow was the stage name of a white minstrel (comedian) who performed in Black face makeup in the late 1800s. • His act caricatured blacks. • The name Jim Crow came to stand for all the segregation laws that were instituted in the South after the Civil War.

17. Plessy v. Ferguson • The Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court • Court case heard in the Supreme Court • Case originated in Lousiana in 1896 • Upheld segregation and deemed legal and long as facilities were “separate but equal” • Ruling in this case justified racial segregation for 50 years The Plessy v. FergusonSupreme Court

18. Populist • Populism was a political party know as the People Party. • The populist wanted the government to do more to regulate the economy so that farmers could earn more money for their crops. • Populist encouraged farmers to work together for their cause through alliances • Most of these farmers were white, but were some African-American Populists

19. The Populist Party The Farmers’ Alliance joined with labor organizations (unions) to form this new political party. Platform: • 8-hour workday • Gov’t ownership of railroad, telephone, and telegraph • Graduated federal income tax • Direct election of U.S. Senators • Restriction of immigration • Use of Australian Ballot: • Ballot printed by gov’t, distributed at voting places, and collected in secret sealed boxes. 1892 Election: Democrat Grover Cleveland won…Populist candidate: James B. Weaver James B. Weaver White and black farmers

20. Tom Watson • Georgia’s best known Populist. • 1882: elected to Georgia General Assembly • 1890: elected to Congress with backing of Farmers’ Alliance • Introduced the Rural Free Delivery Bill (RFD): required the postmaster general to find a way to deliver mail to rural homes free of charge • Warren County: 1st in GA • 1896: ran as vice-president under William Jennings Bryant (Lost) Conti… Tom Watson, Populist

21. Conti… • Tom Watson become the most powerful voice for populism in GA and of the most powerful in the nation. • Watson was frustrated that the Democrats weren’t doing enough to help the farmers • He left the party and become populist • He found it hard to defend himself against white racism

22. W.E.B Du Bois • (1868-1963) • A prominent professor at Atlanta University in 1897. • Criticized the idea of accommodationism. • Believed the idea accepted the racism of southern whites. • Thought Blacks should fight for total racial equality.

23. W.E.B Du Bois • Founded the Niagra Movement. • Civil Rights Activists gathered at Niagra Falls and listed demands, which included the end of segregation and discrimination.

24. W.E.B Du Bois • Founded the Niagra Movement. • Civil Rights Activists gathered at Niagra Falls and listed demands, which included the end of segregation and discrimination.

25. John and Lugenia Hope • John and Lugenia Burns Hope devoted their time advancing civil rights and education for African Americans. • John Hope • became the first African American president of Morehouse College in 1906. • became the first African American president of Atlanta University. • Atlanta University became the first college in the nation to offer graduate education for African Americans. • supported public education, healthcare, job opportunities, and recreational facilities for African Americans.

26. John and Lugenia Hope • Lugenia Hope: • Worked for many organizations to assist African Americans in GA. • created the first woman-run social welfare agency for African Americans in GA. • was a member of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW).

27. Leo Frank Case • Leo Frank was a Jewish man from Georgia who was lynched, or hung, by a mob because of anti-Semitism. • Frank was accused of murdering a young girl employee. • The governor of Georgia, John Slaton, reviewed Frank’s case and eventually decided that Frank was innocent.

28. Leo Frank Case • However, anti-Semites lynched Frank before he could enjoy his freedom. • Anti-Semitism- a belief system against Jewish people.

29. Disenfranchisement • Disenfranchisement - the act of denying a person the right to vote • Disenfranchisement of African American men was accomplished partly by poll taxes, property tests, and literacy tests. A poll tax was a fee that a voter had to pay in order to vote. A voter also had to demonstrate that he owned property.

30. Disenfranchisement • Formerly enslaved men were given the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment. • Many southern whites felt this right was a threat to their way of life. • Southern states made it more difficult for African American men to vote. • Poll taxes and property tests prevented many poor people, including African Americans, from voting.

31. Disenfranchisement • Voters were required to pass a literacy test, which determined their ability to read and write. • Most African Americans could not pass this test because under slavery, they had not been allowed to learn to read and write. • These laws also prevented poor, uneducated whites from voting.

32. Disenfranchisement • Southern lawmakers did not want to lose the votes of whites. • They passed a law called the grandfather clause. • The grandfather clause stated that if a person had an ancestor who had been allowed to vote before 1867, he was permitted to vote. • Since 1867 was the first year that African Americans were allowed to vote, the grandfather clause only helped whites.

33. Disenfranchisement • White primaries also denied African American men the right to vote. • A primary is an initial election in which the voters of a political party nominate candidates. • In many states, the Democratic Party would not allow African Americans to be members.

34. County Unit System • In 1917, Georgia established the county unit system. This was a way of giving votes in primary elections. • Each county was given a certain number of votes, called unit votes. • Three categories: urban, town, and rural.

35. County Unit System • The candidate who received the most votes in a county won all of the unit votes given to that county. • The problem with this system was that it did not always represent what the population wanted. • As a result, the county unit system was eventually abolished.

36. Civil Rights Advocates • During the years between 1877 and 1918, many significant changes in civil rights took place in the state of Georgia. Many civil rights advocates of this period were educators, however, businesspeople also played a role. In the approximately fifty years following the Civil War, colleges in Georgia had begun to serve African Americans. The availability of education for former slaves was a great advance in civil rights.

37. Racial Violence • Race riots and the terrorist activities of the KKK increased at this time. As African Americans gained more power, whites reacted with fear and violence. Often, whites would attack African Americans in groups, such as in the race riots in Atlanta in 1906. Such events occurred throughout the South. This violence continued for decades, with lynching becoming an increasingly common event throughout the South. Not until the civil rights movement of the 1960s, would violence against African Americans slow in the region.

38. Exit Ticket • 1. Who were the three men called the “Bourbon Triumvirate”? • 2. What was 1 success and 1 failure of the Bourbon Triumvirate? • 3. What were 2 problems with the convict lease system? • 4. When did the Atlanta Race Riots occur? • 5. Why was Rebecca Latimer Felton important?