Clovis Center Library Presents:

1. Clovis Center Library Presents: Biology Research

2. Databases you can try. • Proquest* • Electric Library* • CQ Library • SIRS Knowledge Source • Gale Resource Centers • Facts.com • Netlibrary • Newsbank • Encyclopedias Online • Eureka • Pro and Con • *Best places to find journals.

3. What is a Scholarly Journal? • Articles are written by scholars or experts in the field. • Articles have notes showing author expertise or affiliation. • Articles are peer reviewed. • Articles are written to report on original research or experimentation. • Articles tend to be lengthy with a narrow subject focus. • Articles are written in the language of the discipline covered. • Scholarly journals always cite their sources in the form of footnotes or bibliographies.

4. Examples of Scholarly Journals • JAMA • New England Journal of Medicine • Lancet • Science • Developmental Psychology

5. Standard Parts of Research Articles • Introduction • Methods/and or Materials • Describes the author’s research methods and tools • Results • Authors analyze the data • Conclusion and/or Discussion • Authors’ conclusions based on the analysis • Author notes • Author’s credentials and affiliations • References • List of works cited in the article☼

6. Scholarly Journal/not Research Article Research articles, or primary articles, are based on original research. Other kinds of articles appear in scholarly journals as well, including: • Book reviews • Commentaries • Review articles • Informational articles

7. What is a Magazine? • Articles are usually short, written in simple language, and are designed to meet a minimal educational level. • These publications rarely cite sources. • Information is often second or third hand, and the original source is sometimes obscure. • The main purpose is to entertain, sell products, or promote a viewpoint.

8. Examples of Magazines • Time • Newsweek • U.S. News & World Report • Psychology Today • Scientific American • Reader’s Digest • People Weekly

9. Avoid Plagiarism • Plagiarism is a very serious offence. • There are three types of plagiarism: • Failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas. • Failing to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks. • Failing to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

10. Don’t Forget to Cite Your Work! • Note the basics. • Note when you accessed the information. • Note the Web page address if possible, or the address of the gateway. • If the information given is not complete, cite what you can. • Remember why it is necessary to cite. • To give credit where credit is due. • To add authority to your work. • To create a path for your reader to verify your information.

11. Citing Sources • Both MLA and APA acknowledge sources by briefly identifying the source within the text and enabling the reader to locate that source of information in an alphabetical list of references/works cited at the end of the article. • In-text citations are made with a combination of signal phrases and parenthetical references.

12. MLA In-text Citations • MLA uses the author/page number method of citation. • A signal phrase indicates that something taken from a source is about to be used. • A signal phrase (if used) includes the author’s name. • Susan Hansen states…. • The parenthetical reference includes at least a page number in parentheses. • Susan Hansen states that parenthetical citations must be used when...(41). • Parenthetical citations must be used when...(Hansen 41).

13. Exceptions to the Rule. • If electronic sources do not have page numbers or other numbering systems, you may leave out the number. • If a source does not have an author, use either the complete title or a short form of the title in parentheses. • When quoted words appear in a source written by someone else, begin the citation with “qtd. in…”.

14. Basic MLA Format for an Online Subscription Service Author (Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Number.Issue Number (Year of Pub.): Page Numbers. Database Name. Library. Date of Access <online address of gateway>. Multiple Authors: Two: Last Name, First Name, and First Name, Last Name. Four or More: Last Name, First Name, et al. or all names in full.

15. MLA Example for an Online Subscription Service Walling, Anne D. “Does Air Pollution Affect Childhood Asthma?” American Family Physician 65.8 (2002): 1685. Proquest Direct. Clovis Center Library, Clovis. 3 Mar. 2002 <http://www.umi.com/proquest>.

16. APA and Parenthetical Citations • APA parenthetical citations insert the author and date in the text at the appropriate point. • Walker (2000) compared reaction times • In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000) • Always give page numbers for quotations. • For electronic sources that do not have page numbers, use the paragraph number. • If neither number is visible, cite the heading and the paragraph following it.

17. Basic APA Format for an Electronic Journal Article Author Last Name, Author Initials. (Year) Article Title. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number), Page Numbers. Retrieved Date from Source (database or website.) *Multiple authors: Two: Last Name, Initials, & Last Name, Initials. More Than Six: Last Name, Initials, (other five), et. al.

18. APA Style Example for and Electronic Journal Article Walling, A. D. (2002) Does air pollution affect childhood asthma? American Family Physician, 65(8), 1685. Retrieved May 10, 2002, from ProQuest database.

19. Now You Are Ready to Dive Right Into Your Research. Good Luck!