Industrialization and Urbanization

1. Industrialization and Urbanization • A.K.A. The Gilded Age – coined by Mark Twain as he wrote a satire about the time period being one riddled with serious social problems that had a thin gold gilding over them. • When: Late 19th Century • Where: U.S. • Why : • How: • Who:

2. What you are expected to be able to do: • Analyze how the rise of corporations, heavy industry, mechanized farming and technological innovations transformed the American economy from an agrarian to an increasingly urban industrial society. • Explain the major social and economic effects of industrialization and the influence of the growth of organized labor following Reconstruction in the United States. • Analyze and evaluate how immigration, internal migration and urbanization transformed American life. • Analyze the post-Reconstruction political and social developments that led to institutionalized racism in the United States. • Describe institutionalized racist practices in post- Reconstruction America.

3. Farm to the City • Agrarian Society – society built upon producing and maintaining crops and farmland. (Foundation – 1850’s) • Industrial Society – society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labor. • Rural – geographic area located outside of cities or towns. (countryside, farms) • Urban – geographic area located in cities.

4. Brainstorm: • Make a chart – positives and negatives of going from an agrarian society to an industrial society.

5. Industrial Revolution • Revolution – a dramatic and wide-reaching change in the way something works or is organized or in people’s ideas about it.

6. What do you need in order to have a revolution?

7. Taking Notes: • 1) Vocabulary – these are in your own words and shorthand. YOU have to know what they mean and YOU have to use them study. • 2) My Powerpoints go on the website but you are welcome to take notes on anything else. • 3) For a big piece we will be looking at new inventions/technology. • On a piece of notebook paper…. 4 columns • Invention/Inventor /When/Impact

8. 1) Natural Resources • Black gold – OIL – • Native Americans had been using long before contact with Europeans but by the 1840’s Americans began to distill oil or coal to create kerosene. • Kerosene is then used to light lamps. • But it is very expensive and difficult to get to oil. • Until….

9. 1) Natural Resources • Oil – • Edwin L. Drake – 1859 – used steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania that removed oil from beneath earth’s surface. • This allowed for much easier access and cheaper access to oil. • Oil BOOM – Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and later Texas. • Petroleum Refining industries start in Cleveland and Pittsburgh to transform oil into kerosene and eventually gasoline.

10. Map pg. 231

11. Modern Day: Natural Gas

12. 1) Natural Resources • Steel – an alloy of iron and carbon created by heating iron to high heat. • Large amounts of coal + iron = steel • Bessemer Process – independently - Henry Bessemer and William Kelly– around 1850 – process injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities. • Eventually replaced by the open hearth process where manufactures could create steel from scrap metal.

13. 1) Natural Resources • Steel – what is the impact of having steel?

14. 2)The Risk-Taker/Inventor • http://www.history.com/topics/andrew-carnegie/videos/the-men-who-built-america-the-rise-of-cornelius-vanderbilt?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false • Thomas Alva Edison – • Patented in 1880 – the world’s first incandescent light bulb. • And later invented the entire system for producing and distributing electrical power. • http://www.history.com/shows/men-who-built-america/videos/the-rise-of-thomas-edison • Edison and George Westinghouse would continue to work and make improvements to make electricity safer.

15. 2) The Risk-Taker/Inventor • What is the impact of Electricity?

16. 2) The Risk-taker/Inventor • Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter in 1867. • Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invented the phone in 1876. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/we-had-no-idea-what-alexander-graham-bell-sounded-like-until-now-37585123/?no-ist https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZALUgxsnCOk

17. Industrialization • Advantages: new machinery helped improve worker’s standard of living (work isn’t as hard with a machine’s help), creates jobs for many women, reduced time it took to build something so for awhile it shortens the work week • (for a little while), large amount of goods on market, variety and choice and much cheaper. • Disadvantages: machines reduce the worth of human workers,

18. From Haystacks to Smokestacks

20. AGE OF RAILROADS Transcontinental Railroad – May 10, 1869 – finished by the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah. Reality: Racism against Irish immigrants and Asian Immigrants. In 1888, when Railroad data Was collected Casualties: 2,000 Injured 20,000 http://www.history.com/topics/credit-mobilier/videos

21. Railroad Time • Before this each community calculated their own times using the sun directly overhead as noon – so noon at Boston was 12 minutes earlier than in NYC. • Professor C.F. Dowd proposed that Earth be divided into 24 time zones – one for each hour in the day. This would create 4 zones in the U.S. • Eastern • Central • Mountain • Pacific • On November 18, 1883 – railroad crews and towns across the U.S. synchronized their watches. • In an international conference in 1884 railroad time was adopted. • The U.S. Congress however didn’t officially adopt it until 1918.

22. U.S. Time Zones

23. As the Railroad Grows… • As railroads expand other industries are forced to grow in order to keep pace and supply the railroad. • Iron • Coal • Steel • Lumber • Glass

24. As the Railroad Grows… • Links towns and cities • Promotes trade and interdependence • Individual towns begin to specialize on particular goods. • Chicago – stockyards (cattle/butchering) • Minneapolis – grain • New towns pop up along the RR • Denver, Colorado • Flagstaff, Arizona

25. As the Railroad Grows… • George M. Pullman – 1880 – built a factory for manufacturing sleepers (train cars that were for overnight, comfortable stay) and other railroad cars in Illinois. • Pullman sets up a nearby town for his employees. This town provided doctors’ offices, shops and an athletic field. Everyone lived in a clean, well-built, brick house or an apartment buildings with at least one window in every room. (That was a big deal) • However they also were under strict company control. No drinking, no loitering on the steps, etc. In 1894 – this will lead to a violent strike

26. As the Railroad Grows • Credit Mobilier – Union Pacific stockholders create this construction company. • The stockholders gave this company a contract to lay track at two and three times the actual cost and pocket the profit. • They also donated shared of stock to about 20 Representatives in Congress.

27. Andrew Carnegie http://www.history.com/topics/andrew-carnegie/videos/the-men-who-built-america-andrew-carnegie

28. New Business Strategies • Vertical Integration – a process of buying out the supplies in order to control the raw materials and the transportation systems. • Horizontal Integration – a process of companies who produce similar products merging. • For example – McDonald’s - • If they bought out Burger King, Wendy’s which integration is that? • If they bought out cattle farms, potato farmers, ketchup companies – what kind of integration is that? • On a half sheet come up with your own example.

29. Social Darwinism • 1859 – Charles Darwin published the On the Origin of Species • “natural selection” • This principle is applied to economics and success

30. A New Definition of Success • Only the most capable, best and brightest succeed makes sense to the around 4,000 new millionaires since the end of the Civil War. • Theory supports the idea that individual responsibility and blame and agrees with protestant values of hard work. • Riches is a sign of God’s favor and therefore the poor are lazy and inferior people who deserve it.

31. Fewer Control More • Monopoly – when a company has complete control over its industry’s production, wages, and prices. • J.P. Morgan helps United States Steel buy out Carnegie Steel so they control all the oil – it becomes the world’s largest business. • John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil owner – he joined competing companies in trust agreements.

32. John D. Rockefeller • http://www.history.com/topics/john-d-rockefeller/videos/rockefellers-standard-oil?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

33. Robber Barons • became a derogatory term applied to wealthy and powerful 19th-century American businessmen. • the term was typically applied to businessmen who used what were considered to be exploitative practices to amass their wealth. • The term combines the sense of criminal ("robber") and illegitimate aristocracy (a baron is an illegitimate role in a republic).

35. Robber Barons and Philanthropists? • Many of the Robber Barons were also philanthropists. • Rockefeller gave away around $500 million to create Rockefeller Foundation and to found the University of Chicago. • Carnegie gave about 90% of his wealth and it continues to be given and used today. • “It will be a great mistake for the community to shoot the millionaires, for they are the bees that make the most honey, and contribute most to the hive even after they have gorged themselves full.”

36. Sherman Anti Trust Act • Law that made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries. • It was an attempt to keep control of the big companies but it would be unsuccessful because there were too many loopholes.

37. Welcome! 9.18.2014 • Come in and get out vocabulary. • Vocab quiz tomorrow! Be ready! • Check grades on IC! Make sure you aren’t missing anything.

38. “We’re Not Gonna Take It Anymore” • Workers Unite • 7 day work weeks • 12+ hour days • No vacation • No sick leave • No unemployment compensation • No reimbursement for injuries occurring on the job • Unsanitary working conditions • Workers performed boring, repetitive jobs • Dangerous/Faulty equipment • In 1882 – 675 workers were killed in work related incidents each week. • Wages so low most families could not survive unless EVERYONE held a job. • Some children as young as 5 years old. • Children work and therefore do NOT attend school • Sweatshops • Children 27 cents/14 hour day • Women earned average $267.00 a year

39. Labor Unions Form • National Labor Union (NLU) forms and refuses to allow AA so they create NCLU. National Colored Labor Union. • Noble Order if the Knights of Labor – “An injury to one is a concern of all.” • 8 hour work day • Equal pay for equal work for mean and women. • Strikes are last resorts – promote arbitration

40. Unions Diverge Craft Unionism Industrial Unionism Skilled workers from one or more trades. Samuel Gompers – led the Cigar Makers’ International Union to join with other craft unions. American Federation of Labor (AFL) – Gompers was President – focused on negotiating between workers and management to reach agreements on hours, working conditions and wages. Theses guys utilize strikes frequently. Skilled and unskilled workers in a specific industry. Eugene V. Debs attempted to form American Railway Union (ARU) They also use strikes – The ARU and Knights of Labor never really recover after a failed major strike.

41. Strikes Turn Violent • The Great Strike of 1877 – B & O Railroad strikes after second wage cut in 2 months. President Hayes sends federal troops to end it. • Haymarket Affair – Chicago 3,000 people gather in Chicago’s Haymarket Affair to protest police brutality (1 striker had been killed) Police began to arrive when someone tossed a bomb into the police line. No one knows who threw the bomb. Police fired into the workers. 5 are charged and 4 are hanged, 1 kills himself in jail. Turns public against the workers. • Homestead Strike – Boss Henry Frick of Carnegie Steel Plant announced wage cuts. Pinkerton agents were sent in to allow scabs in to keep the company running. 3 detectives are killed and 9 workers. National Guard it set in and strike continues from July to November but they eventually give in. • Pullman Company Strike – Pullman company lays of 3,000 of its 5,8000 employees and cut the wages of the rest by 25-50%, without cutting the cost of employee housing. Debs asked for arbitration but the company refuses. SO the ARU begins to boycott. It turns violent. Debs is jailed. Troops are sent in. Pullman fired the strikers and the railroads blacklisted many others so they could never get hired on any railroad

42. Task: • You may work with a partner. • Read pages 248 (Women Organize) to pg. 249. • Take required notes or those you feel are important. • On back of Inventors chart make a chart like the one on page 250 Critical Thinking Section Question 1. Costs and Benefits • You should have several costs and benefits of industrialization. • You have 20 minutes. • If you get finished early you can start going through Ch. 7 Section 1. (pg.254)

43. Women get involved • Mary Harris Jones – AKA Mother Jones • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LJBWhPKWWc • “I’m not a humanitarian, I’m a hell-raiser!”

44. Other inventions of the time: • Photography – 1826 • Sewing Machine – 1846 • Washing Machine - 1858 • Electric Motor – 1876 • Radio – 1895 • Motion Picture – 1895 • X-Ray – 1895 • Airplane – 1903

45. Industrialization Costs Benefits

46. Is it worth it? • Did rapid industrialization improve the lives of Americans? Are the benefits worth the cost?

47. Task: • You may work with a partner. • Read Ch. 7 Section 1 – pg. 254-259 • Do the Immigration WS. • Do vocabulary from that section.

48. Welcome! 9.24.2014 • Come in and get notes out. • Turn in order forms and money for t-shirts. • Napkins for float building!

49. Task: • You may work with a partner. • Read pages 262-266. • Do vocabulary • Make a list of urban problems and the attempts to solve them.

50. Welcome!9.25.2014 • Come in and get your textbook. • Have notes and vocab out and ready. • Napkins to float building. 5-9 again tonight! • NYC $ needs turned in soon! • Vocab quiz tomorrow!