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Learning (Conditioning). Learning is how we Adapt to the Environment. Learning— A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Behaviorism. The view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors , not mental processes. Founded by John Watson
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Learning is how we Adapt to the Environment • Learning—A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
Behaviorism • The view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes. • Founded by John Watson • Thought that all human behavior is a result of conditioning or a result of past experiences and environmental influences. • Claimed he could take any child and train him to become any type of specialist.
Classical Conditioning • A type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that naturally produces that response • OR to put it simply: When an animal learns a natural reflexive response to something that it would NOT NORMALLY respond to. • Learning by association
Stimulus-Response • Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to • Response – any behavior or action
Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
Pavlov’s Dogs • Digestive reflexes and salivation • Psychic secretion
Ivan Pavlov • Watch “Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning” Video #6 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. – 3:00 clip
Neutral Stimulus • Does not normally elicit (cause) a response or reflex action by itself • a color • a furry object • What was the NS in Pavlov’s Experiment? • Bell
Unconditioned Stimulus Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned (unlearned) response blast of air Noise What was the UCS in Pavlov’s Experiment? Food
Unconditioned Response • The automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus • A response to an unconditioned stimulus—naturally occurring & not learned • Eye blinks at blast of air • Startle reaction in babies • What was the UCR in Pavlov’s Experiment? • Salivation
Conditioned (Learned) Stimulus • The stimulus that was originally neutral becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus • Will eventually cause the unconditioned response by itself • What was the CS in Pavlov’s Experiment? • Bell
Conditioned (Learned) Response • The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been caused by the neutral stimulus • Usually the same behavior as the UCR • What was the CR in Pavlov’s Experiment? • Salivation
Classical Conditioning Terms • Acquisition • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery • Generalization • Discrimination training
Acquisition • The initial learning that takes place in the during stage of conditioning when the animal starts to associate the NS with the UCS. • NS + UCS = UCR
Extinction • The diminishing of a learned response • When the CS is continually presented without the UCS then the CR will eventually begin to disappear.
Spontaneous Recovery • The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response • After a period of time if the CS is presented, the CR returns. • Learning may disappear but is not eliminated.
Generalization • Process in which an organism produces the same CR to two similar stimuli (CS) • The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response
Discrimination • Ability of an animal to not respond to a new CS that is too different from the original CS. • The subject learns that one stimuli predicts the UCS and the other does not.
John B. Watson and Little Albert • 11-month-old infant • Watson and his assistant, Rosalie Rayner, classically conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats • Led to questions about experimental ethics To Watch a Short Video on Watson and the Little Albert experiment (4:00) click HERE.
Little Albert – Before Conditioning • Watch “Watson’s Little Albert” Video #7a from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • – 13 seconds
Little Albert – After Conditioning • Watch “Watson’s Little Albert” Video #7b from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • – 14 seconds
Little Albert - Generalization • Watch “Watson’s Little Albert” Video #7c from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • – 17 seconds
Could Little Albert’s Fear Have Been Undone? • YES!!! Through Counter Conditioning! • Must pair the conditioned stimulus (Rat) with something that is incompatible with fear (Candy). BEFORE: Rat Fear Candy Happy CS = CR UCS = UCR CS + UCS = UCR CS = New CR DURING: Rat Candy Happy AFTER: Rat Not Scared
How is classical conditioning involved in the placebo effect? • Individual expects a drug will work a certain way and have a psychological and physiological reaction to it. • Regular use may produce “placebo response” where user associates sight, smell, taste with drug effect
Robert Rescorla (1940- ) • Developed a theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive/mental processes in classical conditioning • Pointed out that subjects had to determine (think) whether the NS/CS was a reliablepredictor of the UCS
Rescorla’s Experiment When the rats in group 2 could not reliably predict when the shocks would occur the result was they didn’t learn to fear the tone. This shows they were using cognitive processes!
Biological Preparedness • We are predisposed to learn things that affect our survival. • Internal stimuli—associate better with taste • External stimuli—associate better with pain • The majority of phobias are about objects of natural importance to the survival of the species. • Animals seem to be biologically prepared to fear certain types of stimuli that represent natural threats to survival. • We are predisposed to avoid threats our ancestors faced--food that made us sick, storms, heights, snakes, etc. • But not modern-day threats--cars, water pollution, etc.
Taste Aversion John Garcia (1917- ) • Rats drank flavored water (NS) and hours later were given a shot with a drug (UCS) that made them sick (UCR). The rats refused to drink the flavored water again. • Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea. • **Differs from other Classical Conditioning in that: • It did not require repeated pairings of a NS and UCS. • The time span between the two was a few hours. • Rats were conditioned to taste and not anything else that occurred in the hours between when they drank the flavored water and got sick.
How Taste Aversion Works: Flavored Water BEFORE NS = No Response UCS = UCR DURING: NS + UCS = UCR AFTER: CS = CR Drug Nausea Flavored Water Drug Nausea Flavored Water Avoidance
Flooding as a Cure for Phobias(example of extinction) • When a fear is disproportionate to the harm it could cause, psychologists could use flooding to cure phobias. • Expose person to the harmless stimulus repeatedly until fear becomes extinct. • Drawbacks of this technique?
Systematic Desensitization • People are taught relaxation techniques and are gradually exposed to the stimulus causing fear. • Example: Pictures of the stimulus (snakes), the actual stimulus far away, the stimulus closer, and finally holding/touching a snake. • All the while, they are pairing the experience with something NOT fearful and hopefully relaxing • How Classical Conditioning is used for curing phobias: Virtual Systematic Desensitization – video clip #31 from Scientific American Frontiers (9:31).
