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1. ‘Provide a CD-Rom with information about a traveller, explorer or theorist whom you consider to be an ‘”early anthropologist” (i.e. predating British structural functionalism)’ History of anthropological theory SSA 321 Candidate number: 167562 30th April 2003 Page

2. Alfred Cort Haddon Candidate no 167562 1855-1940 Page

3. Colour-code: Any text written in purple is my own interjection Lilac and underlined is a hyperlink Blue is for references of books, articles, and journals Black is either headings or text quoted from elsewhere. In these cases a reference shall be sited as to where it is from. Page

4. Contents (5) (13) (17) (18) (20) (21) Haddon’s Life and Work (Biographical details) Haddon’s Methodology (and the influence of zoology) Haddon’s work on art and artefacts, and the influence of Evolutionism Haddon’s usage of photography and film Haddon’s written work Bibliography Page

5. Haddon’s life and work This section details sources that are especially relevant to the biography of Haddon’s life, including the major research projects that he embarked upon. The implications and perspectives of this work shall be dealt with in the sections on ‘methodology’, ‘Art and Artefacts’, Use of Photography’, and ‘written work’ Page (Back to contents)

6. Sandra Rouse Rouse Gives an interesting summary of much of Haddon’s work, and talks of his advocatory interests, trying to promote anthropology as a good training for British living and working in ‘primitive society’. Haddon was a keen promoter of the merits of anthropological training for missionaries and colonial officers. Although he had failed to organise a Bureau of Ethnology twenty years earlier, his Conway Memorial Lecture of 1921, The Practical Value of Ethnology, was in part an exposition on how the colonial administrator ('the man of affairs'), could find anthropology useful.42 The advantages to the colonial administration of an appreciation of local practices would be a smoother, more efficient, less confrontational atmosphere. Though he cautioned that anthropologists should not determine governmental policy, it was inevitable that anthropological data would be used by the administration, he naively hoped, in such a way as to lead to a more enlightened rule. For examples Haddon drew on Richard Temple's 1914 work about his experiences in the Indian Civil Service, Anthropology as a Practical Science. Page (Back to contents)

7. Haddon made various attempts to persuade the administrators of both the colonial service and the mission societies that anthropology should be made a formal part of university study for their candidates. In the Michaelmas term of 1902 he gave a series of lectures 'designed to attract young men who intended to become missionaries, giving them a preliminary training in that branch of anthropology which deals with primitive social and religious ideas'. He justified the value of anthropology to mission work by predicting greater success for a missionary who had an understanding of 'the aboriginal ideas which he proposed to modify or supplant.'44 Some valuable anthropological research, he claimed, came from missionary sources but generally missionaries had no scientific training. If the lectures could stimulate interest in ethnology and its value, 'dealings with uncivilised races may be rendered more intelligent and valuable material for study may be collected among them which would otherwise have been lost.‘ His advocacy of the practical value of anthropology, particularly for colonial administrators, was initially confined to arenas outside of the university. Scientific societies and public lectures were more receptive audiences.(Rouse, 1999: 22-23) Rouse, Sandra, 1999, ‘Haddon, Missionaries and “men of Affairs”’, in Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 21, No. 1, pages 9-27 Page (Back to contents)

8. Stocking’s account to Haddon and the Torres Straits Expedition Stocking, Jr. G. W. 1995, ‘Haddon and the Torres Straits’ in After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888-1951, London: The Athlone Press Stocking gives an interesting description of Haddon’s role in the Torres Straits expedition. It also gives interesting details of how he came to anthropology at Cambridge. I have selected the most useful parts of this that can be found at the hyperlink below, however the whole article may also be located in the above journal. Haddon and the Torres Straits Page (Back to contents)

9. Rouse, S. 1998, ‘Expedition and institution: A. C. Haddon and anthropology at Cambridige’ in Rouse, S. and Herle, A. (eds.), Cambridge and the Torres Strait, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 50-76 This article gives an interesting interpretation on his history as Biologist and anthropologist, especially regarding to his fieldwork methodology. It also has a very interesting letter that Haddon sent to his son, showing his ideas of what were interesting to him in the Torres Straits. Also contains an interesting and in-depth biography of his life and work, including his conversion to anthropology. For these see especially pages 61-76. Figure 3.1 Haddon during the first expedition to the Torres Strait. Mabuiag 1888. Page (Back to contents)

10. Articles from Nature Journal. These are interesting insofar as they give accounts from Haddon Before and after the expedition. For before the expedition see:Haddon, 1898, ‘The Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits and Borneo’ in Nature, Vol. 57, No. 1473, page 276 For after the expedition see:Haddon, 1899, ‘The Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits and Sarawak’, in Nature, Vol. 60, No. 1557, pages 413-416 Also:Haddon, A. C. 1898, ‘Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits’, in Nature, Vol. 59, No. 1521, page 174 Page (Back to contents)

11. Obituary of Haddon Quiggin and Fegan give a comprehensive outline of Haddon’s life and work. This can either be found on the web at: http://uk.jstor.org/view/00251496/dm993606/99p2270p/0?config=jstor&frame=noframe&userID=892c01c8@swan.ac.uk/028258cb3a00502afe68&dpi=3 Some useful extracts that I have taken from them are also on the Hyperlink bellow: Haddon's obituary Or the original can be found in Man: Quiggin, A. H. and Fegan, E. S. July 1940, ‘Alfred Cort Haddon, 1855-1940’, in Man, Vol.40, No.123, pages 97-100 Page (Back to contents)

12. For an overview of other members of the Torres Straits expedition, see: A. C. Haddon, April 1939, ‘Obituary of Sidney Herbert Ray: 28th May, 1858 – 1st January, 1939’ in Man, Vol. 39, Pages 58-60 http://uk.jstor.org/view/00251496/dm993591/99p2001v/0?config=jstor&frame=noframe&userID=892c01c8@swan.ac.uk/028258cb3a00502ad7d8&dpi=3 Fortes, M. February 1941, ‘Obituary of Charles Gabriel Seligman, 1873-1940’, in Man, Vol. 41, Pages 1-6 http://uk.jstor.org/view/00251496/dm993612/99p2380x/0?config=jstor&frame=noframe&userID=892c01c8@swan.ac.uk/028258cb3a00502ad7d8&dpi=3 Haddon, Barlett and Fegman, ‘Obituary of William Halse Rivers Rivers, M. D., President of the Royal Anthropological Institute, born 1864, died June 4th, 1922’ in Man, Vol. 22, Pages 97-61 http://uk.jstor.org/view/00251496/dm995192/99p13344/0?config=jstor&frame=noframe&userID=892c01c8@swan.ac.uk/028258cb3a00502ad7d8&dpi=3 Page (Back to contents)

13. Haddon’s Methodology Several writer’s have talked about Haddon’s methodology, however his evolutionist analysis and the use of his background in zoology is apparent from his own writing. In this section there is a selection of examples of this occurrence in Haddon’s work, and other writer’s interpretation of Haddon’s methodology. Page (Back to contents)

14. Urry, J. 1993, ‘From Zoology to Ethnology: A. C. Haddon’s conversion to anthropology’ in Before Social Anthropology: Essays on the History of British Anthropology, pages 61-82 This text argues that Haddon’s background in biology not only influenced his own approach to anthropology, but also that of ‘the vision of anthropology as a whole’ (Urry, 1993: 61) One interesting subject explored is Haddon’s description of Art into different classifications analogous to that of a zoologist’s classification of the animal world. This illustration shows these ideas (Urry, 1993: 72) Urry also makes an interesting statement comparing the life and work of Haddon in Britain to that of Boas in the USA: Like Franz Boas in America, Haddon brought new methods and ideas to anthropology, and an aura of respectability which furthered the professionalization of the subject. Unlike Boas, however, Haddon did not create an epistemological break with earlier anthropological thought and establish a "new" anthropology. Haddon's vision of anthropology belonged essentially to the nineteenth century, and remained so until his death. In contrast, Boas, although Haddon's almost exact contemporary, made the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century with ease, and remained an eclectic thinker until his death. (Urry, 1993: 78) . Page (Back to contents)

15. Haddon, A. C. 1895, Evolution in Art, London: Walter Scott Ltd. Haddon’s Book: Evolution in Art, is a prime example of evolutionary and comparative concepts being used in his work. Two extracts of this may be found on the Hyperlink below. Evolution of Art Page (Back to contents)

16. This book gives insight into Haddon’s methodology, analyses, and conversion to anthropology. Esspecially useful is Rouses article ‘Expedition and institution: A. C. Haddon and anthropology at Cambridige’, (pages 50-76) which also gives biographical information: A C Haddon and anthropology at Cambridge Rouse, S. 1998, ‘Expedition and institution: A. C. Haddon and anthropology at Cambridige’ in Rouse, S. and Herle, A. (eds.), 1998, Cambridge and the Torres Strait, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Page (Back to contents)

17. Art,Artifacts and Evolutionism One of the best resources for seeing Haddon’s perspective on art, is his book, Art is Evolution. Here are a few extracts that give illustrate his interpretation: extracts from evolution of art Page (Back to contents)

18. Use of Photography and Film Haddon’s film is recorded in the location below: http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/isca/haddon/allfootage.html The Haddon film archive is also useful for searching for any other film in the ethnographic period between 1845-1945. Coupled with this, it is interesting to read his own description of the film as the first anthropologist to produce an ethnographic film, he was in the unique position of not being influenced by other filmmakers in the genre of anthropological film. The extract can be found below: Haddon's description in Head Hunters Page (Back to contents)

19. There is much interesting information on the web about Haddon’s film footage. One of the best articles can be found on the addres below: http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/isca/haddon/article.html Tomaselli, De Brigard,De Bromhead and Barnouw also have interesting things to say about Haddon as a filmmaker: Tomaselli, De Brigard, De Bromhead and Barnouw Page (Back to contents)

20. Haddon’s Written Work Different theorists place Haddon’s work as more or less important in relation to the corpus f anthropological writings. Some members of the Cambridge school (such as Hart) hold that his work in the Torres Straits was essential for the development of both Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski, whereas other theorists maintain that he is less important for the development of and for contemporary anthropology. Pleas refer to the links below: Expedition's place in history Sillitoe's description of Torres Straits Torres Straits overview Page (Back to contents)

21. Bibliography • Fortes, M. February 1941, ‘Obituary of Charles Gabriel Seligman, 1873-1940’, in Man, Vol. 41, Pages 1-6 • Haddon, A. C. 1895, Evolution in Art, London: Walter Scott Ltd. • Haddon, 1898, ‘The Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits and Borneo’ in Nature, Vol. 57, No. 1473, page 276 • Haddon, A. C. 1898, ‘Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits’, in Nature, Vol. 59, No. 1521, page 174 • Haddon, 1899, ‘The Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits and Sarawak’, in Nature, Vol. 60, • No. 1557, pages 413-416 • Haddon, A. C. 1932, Head-Hunters, London: C. A. Watts and Co. Limited • Haddon, A. C. 1932, ‘The Malu Ceremonies’ in Head Hunters, London: C. A. Watts and Co. • Haddon, Barlett and Fegman, 1922 ‘Obituary of William Halse Rivers Rivers, M. D., President of the Royal • Anthropological Institute, born 1864, died June 4th, 1922’ in Man, Vol. 22, Pages 97-61 • Haddon, A. C. April 1939, ‘Obituary of Sidney Herbert Ray: 28th May, 1858 – 1st January, 1939’ in Man, Vol. 39, • Pages 58-60 • Quiggin, A. H. and Fegan, E. S. July 1940, ‘Alfred Cort Haddon, 1855-1940’, in Man, Vol.40, No.123, pages 97-100 Page

22. Rouse, S. 1998, ‘Expedition and institution: A. C. Haddon and anthropology at Cambridige’ in Rouse, S. and Herle, A. (eds.), • Cambridge and the Torres Strait, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 50-76 • Rouse, Sandra, 1999, ‘Haddon, Missionaries and “men of Affairs”’, in Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 21, No. 1, pages 9-27 • Sillitoe, P. 1977, ‘To Mer, Maibuiag, Moresby: The Torres Straits Expedition’ in Cambridge Anthropology, • Vol. 3, No.2, pages 1-19 • Stocking, Jr. G. W. 1995, ‘Haddon and the Torres Straits’ in After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888-1951, London: • The Athlone Press • Stocking, Jr. G. W. 1995, ‘Haddon and the Torres Straits’ in After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888-1951, London: • The Athlone Press • Tomaselli, K. G. 1999, Appropriating Images: The Semiotics of Visual Representation, Hojbjerg: Intervention Press • Urry, J. 1993, ‘From Zoology to Ethnology: A. C. Haddon’s conversion to anthropology’ in Before Social Anthropology • Essays on the History of British Anthropology, pages 61-82 Page

23. Websites: http://human-nature.com/science-as-culture/hart.html http://uk.jstor.org/view/00251496/dm993606/99p2270p/0?config=jstor&frame=noframe&userID=892c01c8@swan.ac.uk/028258cb3a00502afe68&dpi=3 http://uk.jstor.org/view/00251496/dm993591/99p2001v/0?config=jstor&frame=noframe&userID=892c01c8@swan.ac.uk/028258cb3a00502ad7d8&dpi=3 http://uk.jstor.org/view/00251496/dm993612/99p2380x/0?config=jstor&frame=noframe&userID=892c01c8@swan.ac.uk/028258cb3a00502ad7d8&dpi=3 http://uk.jstor.org/view/00251496/dm995192/99p13344/0?config=jstor&frame=noframe&userID=892c01c8@swan.ac.uk/028258cb3a00502ad7d8&dpi=3 http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/isca/haddon/allfootage.html http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/isca/haddon/article.html Page