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Swimming & Locomotion

Swimming & Locomotion. Major types of locomotion in fishes. Walking frogfishes Crawling sea robins Swimming most fishes. Antennariidae warty frogfish Antennarius maculatus. The swimming mechanism. Muscles Propulsive waves. Swimming modes. Body musculature. Fin musculature.

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Swimming & Locomotion

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  1. Swimming & Locomotion

  2. Major types of locomotion in fishes • Walking • frogfishes • Crawling • sea robins • Swimming • most fishes

  3. Antennariidae warty frogfish Antennarius maculatus

  4. The swimming mechanism • Muscles • Propulsive waves

  5. Swimming modes Body musculature Fin musculature

  6. Swimming modes (body musculature)

  7. Swimming modes

  8. Swimming examples Thunniform – Carangiform swimming Labriform swimming

  9. Musculature myotomes

  10. Red Epiaxial or dorsal muscles hypaxial or ventral muscles

  11. Distribution of red muscle

  12. Distribution of red muscle Bluefin tuna Ectotherm fishes Red muscle Mako shark Skipjack tuna

  13. Propulsive wave • Progressive tailward passage • Push force • Reactive force • Forward thrust component • Lift or slippage component P T R L

  14. Progressive swimming undulation wave

  15. Swimming Forces Thrust - Drag Gravity - Lift + Buoyancy

  16. Lift Force • Static lift • Swim bladder • Lipids / Oils • Dynamic Lift • Pectoral fin rotation • Pectoral hydrofoil shape

  17. Drag forces I • Frictional or Viscous Drag • Boundary layer: non-moving water layer that creates friction with surrounding water • Not speed related • To reduce frictional drag: • Mucous • Reduction surface area • Ctenoid scales • Placoid scales

  18. Frictional Drag (Flow separation)

  19. Ctenoid scales Placoid scales

  20. Drag forces II • Pressure or Inertial Drag • Caused by pressure differences • Drag increases with speed • To reduce pressure drag: • Streamline shape • Width-length ratio = 0.25 • Thickest cross-section 2/5 from mouth • Long and narrow wing-like pectoral fins for lift • Body depressions for retracting paired & median fins

  21. Pressure and frictional drag

  22. High speed streamlined fishes

  23. Caudal keel

  24. Caudal fin shapes high aspect ratio (thunniform swimming) Scombridae Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus

  25. Caudal fin shapes high/medium aspect ratio (carangiform swimming) Carangidae Jacks Caranx melampygus

  26. Caudal fin shapes low aspect ratio (subcarangiform swimming) Serranidae Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus

  27. Caudal fin shapes low aspect ratio (subcarangiform swimming) Esocidae Northern pike Esox lucius

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