Unit 2 Science 7 Chemistry

1. Unit 2 Science 7 Chemistry

2. 02 Unit 2.1 The Four States 01

3. Are ice, water, and water vapor the same type of matter? • How is a mixture of sugar-water different than a mixture of sand-water? • How does pure water differ from tap water?

5. The Four States of Matter Matter: ________________________________ Matter is anything that has _____________ (takes up space) and has a _____________ (contains a certain amount of material). Matter doesn’t have to be visible (even air is matter). All matter is made up of _____________ that are constantly moving. The motion of the particles and the strength of _____________ between the particles determines a material’s state of matter. Some characteristics of matter that can be observed with your senses are _____________, _____________, _____________, _____________ and _____________. Anything that has mass and volume mass volume atoms bond taste sight smell touch sound

6. States of matter There are three familiar _________________: solid, liquid, and gas. Plasma is a fourth state of matter that only occurs at extremely high temperatures. Plasma is like a gas, but it can conduct electricity. It is found in stars, lightening, and neon lights.

7. States or Phases of Matter The three main states of matter are: ____________________ An example is ___________________ ____________________ An example is ___________________ ____________________ An example is ___________________ solid ice water liquid gas steam

8. Solids Have a definite shape and volume. This means that solids keep their shape and take up the same amount of space.

9. Liquids Have a definite volume but no definite shape. Liquids will take the shape of the container in which they are placed.

10. Gases Have no definite volume or shape. The gases will expand to fill any container and will take the shape of the container.

11. Plasma Has no definite shape or volume and is a highly energized gas. Plasma is common in the universe; it is not common on Earth.

12. plasma gas condensation evaporation freezing solid liquid melting

13. Write SOLID, LIQUID, or GAS in the table to match the diagrams. States of Matter in detail

14. Keep their shape Solids have a definite shape and volume. • This means that solids ______________and take up the same amount of space. Solids have a high cohesive force so the molecules of solids are packed __________ together. The cohesive force is the __________________. Molecules are in constant motion; however, in solids, the molecules are ______________ you can’t see them move. tightly attraction moving

15. a definite shape but no fixed volume • Liquids have ________________________. Liquids will take up the same amount of space but will ________________ in which they have been placed. At the molecular level, the liquids have a ______________________, so the molecules of a liquid are spread far enough apart that they can flow over each other and ____________________________ will take the shape low cohesion force move a little faster

16. No shape or volume • Gases have _______________________. The cohesive force of gases is __________________, so the molecules are _____________________. The gases will_______________________ and will take the shape of the container. Almost nonexistent Not attracted to one another Expand to fill the container

17. No shape or volume Highly energized • Plasma has ________________________ and is a __________________ gas. As with other gases, the cohesive force of plasma is ___________, so the molecules are __________________. The gases will ____________ and will take the shape of any container. Non-existent Not attracted to one another expand

18. Movie on states of matter

19. Homework Check Fill in the blanks: Matter is everything that has ________________ and ______________________ There are four states of matter: ________________, ______________, _________________ and ________________. _______________ is a fourth state of matter that only occurs at extremely high temperatures. Plasma is like a ______________ and is found in stars, lightening and neon lights. mass weight solid liquid gas plasma Plasma gas

20. Homework Check True or False ______ Matter is anything that is made up of volume and mass ______ Solids can change their shape ______ Liquids have no definite shape or volume ______ Gases have no definite shape or volume ______ Plasma is a highly energized gas T T F T T

21. So, why do so many people wish to have plasma television?

22. 02 Unit 2.2 The Structure of Matter 02

23. matter • This study of chemistry begins with an examination of ______________. There are two theories about the ______________ of matter: atomic and molecular. ________________ states that matter is made up of atoms. ____________________ states that matter is made up of molecules. Matter has been classified into ­ states, or phases, of matter: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. theories Atomic theory Molecular theory

24. What is a model? Why do scientists use models?

25. The Five Key Pointsof the Particle Model Particles have empty space between them All matter is made up of particles Particles are always in motion Particles at higher temperatures move faster Each pure substance has its own particle

26. Using the Particle Model • Draw sketches to show how the particle model explains the properties of a solid, a liquid, and a gas. For each state indicate the distance between particles, type of movement, and whether or not it has a fixed (definite) shape and volume.

28. Homework Check • Use the Particle Model of Matter to describe (in words and pictures) each of the following in more detail: • the spacing between particles of a solid • the movement of particles in a gas • the movement of particles in a solid • the spacing and movement of the particles in a liquid Closely packed Random- move quickly; no cohesion Slowly; vibrations A little faster. No cohesion

29. Imagine that the students in your class represent particles of matter and the school gym represents a container. Use labeled sketches to show how you would organize the students in the gym to demonstrate a change of state from solid to liquid. BONUS: $10 ClementBucks • Some scientists (mainly physicists) consider there to be two other states of matter that exist only at extreme temperatures: plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. Use the Internet to find out about these two states.

30. 02 Unit 2.3 The Physical Properties of Matter 03

32. measured All matter can be detected and________________________. Physical properties of matter that can be measure include _________, ___________ and ______________. Mass is the ______________ of ______________ and it remains constant. The metric base unit of measure for mass is the __________. Mass can be measured using a triple beam balance. Volume is how much space something takes up. The volume of regular shaped objects, such as a block of wood may be found __________________. Measure the object’s ____________________________. Multiply the three measurements (LxWxH). The answer is labelled in cubic centimeters. volume mass denisity amount matter gram with mathematics Length, width and height

34. Graduated cylinder When measuring the volume of a liquid, a __________________ may be used. The basic unit for measurement is the ______________ (mL) for a liquid. When reading a graduated cylinder, the liquid has a tendency to cling to the sides of the container, creating a curve called a ______________. The tendency of unlike materials to be attracted to each other is called adhesion. When reading the volume, you must measure from the bottom of the curve. milliliter meniscus

36. The volume of an irregular object, such as a rock , can be found using a method called ______________. Water is added to a graduated cylinder and recorded. Once the volume of water has been recorded, the rock is added and the level of the water is recorded again. The ______________ between the first measurement and the second is the ______________ of the rock. displacement difference volume

38. Mass and volume closely Densityis the relationship between the_______________ of an object. The more ______________ the molecules, the greater the density of an object. By finding the mass and volume of the object, you can find the mathematical density. It can be calculated by ______________ the mass by the volume. • For Example: Density = mass/voumeor = D= MV Knowing the relationship of mass, volume, or density will help you determine whether an object will ______________ in a liquid. If the object’s density is greater than the density of the liquid it is in, the object will not sink. dividing float

39. HOMEWORK CHECK What is volume? Liquids and gases are usually measured using the metric unit __________ and its prefixes, and solids are usually measured using _______________. Estimate the volume of the following familiar objects and then compare with other students. Can of pop _____mL measuring cup _____mL carton milk __ L ____ mL tablespoon(Tbsp) ____mL teaspoon(tsp) ____mL

40. The mathematical formula for the volume of a cube is Volume is either directly or indirectly measured. Using a graduated cylinder to measure a certain volume of liquid is an example of ___________ measurement. Another example of direct measurement is _____________________________________. An example of an indirect measurement is ___________________________________.

42. 02 Unit 2.4 Measuring Mass & Weight 04

43. Background: The difference between mass and weight is confusing because on Earth, we are always in the presence of Earth’s gravity (9.8 N/kg). Everything has weight. We describe objects as being heavy or light. The only time things can be weightless on Earth, is when they are falling freely and not supported by the Earth. We usually find the weight of objects by using spring scales, such as a typical bathroom scale that you stand on. Gravity pulls on you towards the ground and causes the spring to compress, depending upon how much mass your body has. A large body mass will be heavier than a small body mass. WEIGHT is how heavy an object is, and MASS is how much substance or matter is in the object.

44. Now here’s the confusing part: Weight is suppose to be measured in Newtons (N), and mass in grams (g), kilograms (kg), or sometimes in pounds (lbs). We never talk about Newtons. Because we never leave Earth’s gravity to experience how different gravitational forces change our weight, we don’t need to distinguish between mass and weight. So, on Earth, we think of mass and weight as the same. Please rememberthough that they are not the same.

45. Mass Vs. Weight

46. MASS:Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg) etc. The non-metric system uses pounds for mass. The mass of an object does not changeif the gravitational force changes. For example, the mass of an astronaut is the same on earth as it is on the moon, even though the moon’s gravity is 6 times less.

47. WEIGHT:Weight is measured in Newtons (N), named after Sir Issac Newton. The weight of an object is dependent on gravity. The weight on an object changes if the gravitational force changes. Weight= mass x gravity. A greater gravitational force pulling down on you makes you heavier. In outer space you are weightless. For example: Comparison of a 80 kg astronaut. The astronaut has no weight in outer space, and is about 6 times heavier on earth than the moon.

48. .

49. When we use the term weight in our every day conversations to represent how heavy an object is we do not use the correct units of measurement. We should be using the units Newtons(N) instead of kilograms or pounds. However, because we do not travel to different gravitational force fields, which would affect our measurement of weight, the terms mass and weight can be used interchangeably on earth.

50. 9800 1000 1000 9.8 1.6 1600 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0