Green engineering and green chemistry

1. Green engineering and green chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

2. Replacement • Different crops (corn, sugar cane, wheat etc.) are used for the production of ethanol through fermentation • Organic waste is used for the production of methane, biogas, through fermentation • Wood can be used for the production of methanol • Extraction of metals is combined with environmental impacts. The alternative is to use recycled metals. Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

3. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells vsFossil Fuels and Combustion • Fossil oil products are totally dominating as fuel, that is energycarrier, for many purposes especially transport. • Alternativesnow on the market include ethanol and biogas. • In the long termhydrogen appears to be an even more interesting alternativeenergy carrier, as it may be used in fuel cells. Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

4. Alternatives to Heavy Metals • Organic lead (tetraethyl lead, PbEt4) as anti-knocking agents in petrol was replaced with other compounds. • Replacement of lead with alloys between tin and one or more other metals in soldering of metals. • Replacement of copperwires with optical fibers in various electric equipments. • Mercury has also been replaced in a series of otherproducts. Thus amalgamates for repair of teeth, can today bereplaced with either plastics or ceramics. Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

5. Biotechnology • Biotechnical alternatives to traditional chemical processesare being developed and more and more introduced in largescale production processes. • Micro-organisms are being usedin industrial production to produce many important chemicals,antibiotics, organic compounds and pharmaceuticals. Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

6. Components of Biotechnology • Cultivation of biological cellsfor technical purposes • Genetic change of cells, also referred to as genetic engineering • Use of isolated bio-molecules, especially enzymes, for technical purposes Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

7. Enzymes for Leather Tanning • The chemicals mainly responsible for pollution in the pre-tanning are lime, sodium sulfide, caustic soda as well as salt and degreasing solvents. • By introducingenzymatic treatment of the hides in the pre-tanning stagessubstantial reduction of hazardous pollutants is achieved. Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

8. Areas of Patent Application Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

9. Mission: • enhance and expand efforts to identify and address major knowledge gaps in green growth theory and practice • help countries design and implement green growth policy Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

10. - Biopharmaceutical properties • - Drug delivery • Drug discovery • Biomaterials & Tissue • Engineering • Biosensors • Computational modeling • - New catalysts • - Enzymatic reactions • Hydrogen generation • and storage • Renewable energy sources • Processes with low • environmental risk • - Nanostructures, nanomaterials • - Photonics, optoelectronics • Polymer composites • Materials technologies • Surface technologies • Computational modelling • Sensors Health Sustainability Converging Technologies Molecular Design for Social and Economic Needs Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives Pharmaceuticals Food Security Transport Industrial Processes Next Manufacturing

11. 1. New molecules with specific biochemical properties 2. Polymer systems for functional and structural properties 3. Novel products and processes for sustainable chemistry 4. Nano-structured systems with electronic properties 5. Molecular based design and modification of coatings 6. Enabling technologies for drug discovery 7. Predictive modeling of functionalities PROJECTS/PLATFORMS Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

12. The project strategy Improve the existing (catalytic) processes Design and development, of new synthetic processes Sustainable production ofenergy Energy Hydrogen technology Alternative fuels STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES Reuse and Recycleofwaste materials Efficiency and selectivity Valorization and abatement ofpollutants Process optimization Biorefinery Valorizationof renewable resources Photovoltaic Conversionof renewable feedstock Progetto PM-P03 “Innovative products and processes for sustainable chemistry“ SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY Environmental issues Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

13. Valorizationto provide for the maintaining of the value or price of (a commercial commodity) by a government's purchasing the • Abatement suppression or termination Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

14. H 2 HYDROLAB Production Red bacteria Solar energy Highlights Organic acids Lacto bacteria H2 Vegetal wastes compost H2 PHOTOBIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION FROM NON SULFUREUS RED BACTERIA FROM VEGETAL WASTES AND SOLAR ENERGY Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

15. SOCIETAL CHALLANGES • Enhanced global warming • Depletion of resources (not only fuels!) • Food shortages • Shortages of potable water • Population growth - aging • Waste & pollution FOOD +70% by 2050 Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

16. KEY ENANBLIG TECHNOLOGY • In 2009, European Member States and the European Commission identified Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) for their potential impact in strengthening Europe's industrial and innovation capacity. • Six KETs • Nanotechnology • Micro and nanoelectronics • Advanced materials • Photonics • Industrial biotechnology • Advanced manufacturing systems Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

17. THE “VALLEY OF DEATH” • Whilst European R&D is generally strong in new KET technologies, the HLG has observed that the transition from ideas arising from basic research to competitive • KETs production is the weakest link in European KET enabled value chains • The gap between basic knowledge generation and the subsequent commercialization of this knowledge in marketable products, has been commonly identified across the KETs and is known in broad terms as the "valley of death" issue. Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

18. This “Valley of Death” has been identified in many competitor countries, including the USA, China and Taiwan • All have established coordinated programmes in strategically important areas that cover the full innovation chain addressing basic and applied research, demonstrators, standardization measures, deployment and market access, all at the same time and, significantly, in a logical joined-up manner. Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives

19. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO KETS FOR FUTURE COMPETITIVENESS: THREE PILLAR BRIDGE MODEL TO PASS ACROSS THE "VALLEY OF DEATH " The technological research pillar based on technological facilities supported by research technology organisation; The product development pillar based on pilot lines and demonstrator supported by industrial consortia The competitive manufacturing pillar based on globally competitive manufacturing facilities supported by anchor companies.

20. INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY • “the application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods and services.” • Main biotechnology techniques : • DNA/RNA. • Proteins and other molecules • Cell and tissue culture and engineering. • Process biotechnology techniques. • Gene and RNA vectors • Bioinformatics • Nanobiotechnology

21. Emerging Trend Biological Intermediates substituting petrochemical building blocks

22. Synthetic biology • very important step forward, since it allows designing chemicals that would not occur by natural pathways. • to obtain “unnatural” products by modifying bacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli) or modifying yeasts opens a wide new field for the production of tailor made chemicals for very different purposes. • Advanced research synthetic biology, - At present the genetic modification of bacteria allows to obtain for example tailor recombinant polymers (protein, polysaccharides ect.) or foreseen applications as elimination of toxic residues ect.

23. ………still limitation in process sustainability • - Sources • Energy balance in different processing steps • Environmental impact in the processing steps (chemicals, etc) • Economic balance • Product stability • Interfaces • Regulation • Ethical Issue To overcome the limitation of actual process sustainability Knowledge and new tools from Chemistry , Synthetic biology and Nanotechnology