Biomolecules in Action: From Monomers to Polymers

1. By row Create a stable unique structure using at least 24 of the atoms given in the kit within 5 mins.

2. www.haikudeck.com

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4. Checkpoint 1 Why does the C atom form the backbone of most biomolecules?

5. Monomers  Polymers

6. Checkpoint 2 Which biomolecule is NOT composed of monomers?

7. Reactions involved 1. CONDENSATION (DEHYDRATION) • Loss of H2O • - OH (hydroxyl group) • - H (hydrogen) • Covalent bonds are formed • Energy is required • Polymerase enzyme 2. HYDROLYSIS • Addition of H2O • Covalent bonds are broken • Energy is released • Hydrolase enzyme Checkpoint 3: How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10 monomers long?

8. Checkpoint 4 Write C if the concept applies to condensation reactions and H if it applies to hydrolysis. • Covalent bonds are broken • Polymerase enzyme hastens this reaction • Requires large amounts of energy to occur • Water is formed from the reaction

9. Carbohydrates(hydrates of carbon) • Sugars and polymers of sugars • Classes • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides and oligosaccharides • Polysaccharides • Importance • Make up complex molecules • Major cell nutrients • Fuel (4 Cal/g) http://f.tqn.com/y/lowcarbdiets/1/S/z/3/-/-/LabelA2.jpg

10. MonosaccharidesSimple sugars – (CH2O)n IMPORTANCE • Major cell nutrients (4Cal/g) • Incorporated into more complex carbohydrates CLASSIFICATION • Location of carbonyl group (C=O) • Aldose • Ketose • Size of C-skeleton (3-7 C’s) • Arrangement around C’s • Linear form • Ring form (in aqueous solutions) •  - H above plane of ring •  -OH above plane of ring

11. Checkpoint 5 (Task per row) Assemble linear glucose and convert it into α-glucose.

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13. Disaccharides IMPORTANCE • Maltose (glucose + glucose) • Lactose (glucose + galactose) • Sucrose (glucose + fructose) FORMATION AND STRUCTURE • Glycosidic linkage – covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides • Condensation or dehydration synthesis reactions α1-4 GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE

14. Checkpoint 6 A disaccharide is formed from two hexoses. What is the chemical formula of this disaccharide?

15. Checkpoint 7 (task for two rows) Your two ring-form glucose molecules combine to form maltose. Model the condensation reaction that occurs.

16. Complex sugars STRUCTURE AND FORMATION • 100s-1000s of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages • Homopolysaccharides • Starch ( 1,4 linkages) • Amylose • Amylopectin • Cellulose ( 1,4 linkages) • Heteropolysaccharides IMPORTANCE • Structural polysaccharides • Cellulose and chitin • Storage polysaccharides • Starch and glycogen

21. Checkpoint 7 Complete the sentences below. Complex sugars called (a) are formed when hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides are joined through (b) linkages. They usually function for storage (ex. (c)) or structure (ex. (d)). Those that function for structure are tougher because of the hydrogen bonds that form between the polymers formed through (e)-linkages of monomers.

22. Lipidstriacylglycerols, phospholipids, steroids and sterols, waxes • large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions • hydrophobic and non-polar • glycerol + fatty acid  fat • fatty acids have long C-skeletons (16-18 atoms) with a carboxyl end • ester linkages are formed when 3 fatty acids join to glycerol • Functions • Energy storage • Cushioning of vital organs • Insulation

25. Checkpoint 8 Oleic acid Write the letter/s of the statements are TRUE about this compound. • Oleic acid is a component of a saturated fat. • Oils/fats with oleic acid will be liquid at room temperature. • Oleic acid can be found mostly in animal products like butter and lard. "Oleic-acid-skeletal". Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oleic-acid-skeletal.svg#/media/File:Oleic-acid-skeletal.svg

26. Checkpoint 9 Complete the analogy. disaccharides: monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkages :: fat : ______________

27. Phospholipids • glycerol + 2 fatty acids and phosphate group • amphipathic • hydrophobic tails • hydrophilic heads • assemble into bilayers • major components of cell membranes

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29. Checkpoint 10 Complete the analogy. fat : glycerol + 3 FAs :: phospholipids : ____________

30. Steroids • C-skeleton with four fused rings • Vary in the functional group attached to the rings • Cholesterol • Cell membranes • Used for synthesis of sex hormones • Testosterone • Estrogen

32. Waxes • non-glycerol alcohol + long-chain fatty acids • plastic (malleable) at room temperature • melting point >50 degrees C • plant/animal/ synthetic origin

33. ProteinsAmino acids  peptide  polypeptide • Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form • Amino acids Structure • Carboxyl (-COOH) end • Amino (-NH2) end • R (variable) group attached to the -Carbon Classification • Nonpolar • Polar • Charged (acidic/basic)

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36. PeptidesAmino acids linked by peptide bonds

38. 4 Levels of Protein Structure

39. Primary structure • Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain • Change in one amino acid may change properties of entire chain • Glu  Val substitution causes sickle cell anemia

40. Secondary structure • Coiling/folding due to H-bond formation between carboxyl and amino groups of non-adjacent amino acids. • R groups are NOT involved.

41. Tertiary structure • 3d structure resulting from folding of the 2 structures • stabilized by bonds formed between amino acid R groups • forms many shapes (e.g. globular compact proteins, fibrous elongated proteins) • disruption  denaturation

43. Quaternary structure • Present in some proteins whose tertiary structures (subunits) join to form a protein complex

44. Denaturation and renaturation • Structure affected by • pH • salt concentration • presence of solvents • temperature • Chaperone proteins in cell help in refolding proteins

49. Nucleic AcidsStore and transmit hereditary information • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Provides directions for own replication • Directs RNA synthesis • Controls protein synthesis • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • mRNA directs protein synthesis in the ribosome • tRNA transfers a specific amino acid to a polypeptide chain • rRNA combines with a protein to make up a ribosome

50. DNA SONG(to the tune of Row, Row, Row your Boat) • We love DNAmade of nucleotides.Sugar, phosphate and a basebonded down one side. • Adenine and thyminemake a lovely pair,cytosine without guaninewould feel very bare. • We love nucleic acids, • RNA is one, too. • Uracil and a ribose sugar, • Makes proteins that are coo’