I wouldn’t give a fig for the simplicity this side of complexity, but I would give

1. Senior University: Session 5 18th and Early 19th Century I wouldn’t give a fig for the simplicity this side of complexity, but I would give my very life for the simplicity the other side of complexity. Oliver Wendell Holmes

2. Geology in the News Engineers Challenged to Extract Methane from Bottom Sediments in Rwandan Lake Kivu

3. 5 mmy Oldest Humanoid Lake Victoria Lake Kivu Mt. Kilimaniaro 3.6 mmy footprints

4. African Rift Valley Lakes Lake Victoria Lake Kivu

5. Geology in the News Austin American Statesman: 02-22-08 Genetic changes due to time and distance traced back to African Rift Valleys

6. Lake Victoria From: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

7. Humanid Sites: 1 million to 10,000 ybp Last Continental Glacier 110,000 to 10,000 ybp From: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins Migrated up and out from Africa What is the earliest evidence of Modern Humans?

8. Putting it all Together Geology History Religion

9. The Overall Picture: From the Last Ice Age to the Present Iron Age 1400 to 750 BC End of Last Ice Age 3000 years 10,000 Years 5,000 Years 2007 Stone Age Bronze The Last 3000 Years Hinduism Confucianism Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism

10. Sphere Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Greece Rome Hinduism Confucianism Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism

11. Theories on Earth as a Sphere Earth a Sphere, 250 BC-1492. 200 BC Greek philosophers, 100 AD Marinus of Tyre, 150 AD Ptolemy, 1492 AD Columbus

12. Sphere Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Greece Rome Hinduism Confucianism Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism

13. Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus rivers Three river flood plains of ancient Civilizations!!

14. Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus rivers Three river flood plains of ancient Civilizations!!

15. Metals in Ancient Greece

16. Greek Empire: 600 BC National Geographic, Dec. 2007

17. Roman Empire: 146 BC to 476 AD Extended from England & Spain through Egypt to Iraq Controlled vast mineral resources as well as huge populations

18. Roman Empire: Getting Started Po River Flood plain Iron Iron

19. Roman Empire: Claudius BC Acquired England, Wales, Turkey & Egypt with their natural resources

20. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe Tours 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Islam Empire Greece Rome Hinduism Confucianism Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism

21. Mohammed (AD 570-632) Mecca, Saudi Arabia Prophet of God World Conquests (acquiring resources) Conquests: 634 Syria 637 Jerusalem 640 Persia (India part) 689 North Africa 711 Spain

22. Muslim Expansion West through Africa and East to India (worlds best steel!!) In India, get steel-making technology bring it to Europe (Damascus Steel)

23. Muslim Expansion Stopped in France Battle of Tours 732

24. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe Tours 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Islam Empire Greece Rome Battle of Tours: Most important in History of the West!!! Gave Christianity the Natural Resources (metals) of Europe Gave “Metal” Nations the “Simple” Geology of Great Britain, France and Germany

25. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe Tours 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Crusades Greece Rome Hinduism Confucianism Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism

26. First Crusade: 1097 to 1099 AD Iron Early Christian use of Steel Palestine

27. Christian Europe competing with Muslim Africa-Middle East

28. Europe’s Metals & Coal Arab (Muslim) Oil!!!!

29. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe Marco Polo Tours 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Crusades Greece Rome Italian Marco Polo opens land trade route with China and Beyond Marco Polo proves the size of the Eurasian supercontinent Christianity Islam

30. Christian Europe competing with Muslim Africa-Middlee East Marco Polo Route

31. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe Da Vinci Marco Polo Tours 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Crusades Greece Rome Leonardo de Vinci on Biblical Deluge Christianity Islam

32. 1500 Early Renaissance Leonardo de Vinci: questioning of Biblical Deluge Layered fossil rich rocks far from the Sea. 1. too far from sea to have crawled 2. some unbroken, not swept in 3. fossil beds mixed with non fossil beds Conclusion: Fossils beds not evidence of Noah’s Flood

33. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe Da Vinci Marco Polo Tours 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Crusades Greece Rome Columbus 1492 Columbus commissioned by Spain to find The short cut to China by sailing west Christianity Islam

34. Columbus commissioned by Spain to find The short cut to China by sailing west Christian Europe competing with Muslim Africa-Middle East

35. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe Da Vinci Marco Polo Tours 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Crusades De Re Metallica Greece Rome Columbus 1492 Georg Bauer (Agricola) (1494-1556) First mining textbook, “De Re Metallica” Christianity Islam

36. Georg Bauer (Agricola) (1494-1556) First mining textbook, “De Re Metallica”

37. Mining Scenes from De Re Metallica

38. Another Scene from De Re Metallica

39. Hoovers on Iron and Bronze ages The archaeologists’ divisions---Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages---may serve (them but) metallurgists have not hesitated to protest. No doubt (their ages) represent the sequence in which the metal objects are found, yet it by no means follows that was the order of their discovery. Note: p.420

40. Hoover on sequence of Human Mining Let’s look at a modern mine

41. Bonneterre Lead Mine, MO

42. St. Joseph Lead Co. Mill, MO

43. St. Joseph Mine “Works”, MO

44. Elevator Hoist Machine

45. Off to Work They Go

46. Electric Engine Pulling Ore Cars

47. Working on a Trapeze

48. Mining out The Ceiling

49. Drilling Holes for Dynamite

50. St. Joseph Lead Co. Bonneterre Mine, MO Mine Pillar Black=lead ore Black=lead ore Top of LaMott Sandstone Layer