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Consciousness

Consciousness. AP Psychology NCVPS. Consciousness. As a general term, consciousness means awareness of yourself and your environment, including internal and external stimuli. There is more than one type of awareness Sensory awareness – conscious or aware of things outside yourself

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Consciousness

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  1. Consciousness AP Psychology NCVPS

  2. Consciousness • As a general term, consciousness means awareness of yourself and your environment, including internal and external stimuli. • There is more than one type of awareness • Sensory awareness – conscious or aware of things outside yourself • Direct inner awareness – being aware of things inside you • Sense of self – aware of ourselves and our existence

  3. Levels of Consciousness AP Psychology NCVPS

  4. Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Conscious mind – also referred to as waking consciousness, those things of which we are immediately aware. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg

  5. Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Preconscious mind ex. Memory of a favorite toy as a child, awareness of those things we can access if needed. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg

  6. Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Subconscious mind ex. Freudian slip, daydreaming, road hypnosis. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg

  7. Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Subconscious mind ex. Freudian slip, daydreaming, road hypnosis. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg

  8. Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Nonconscious mind ex. Breathing, digestion. Those things which our bodies do automatically, without thought. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg

  9. Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Nonconscious mind ex. Breathing, digestion. Those things which our bodies do automatically, without thought. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg

  10. Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Unconscious mind ex. Id, ego, superego, dreams, hypnosis. Those things which our bodies do , of which we are unaware. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg

  11. Consciousness Our bodies pass through each of these levels multiple times a day.

  12. Biological Rhythms AP Psychology NCVPS

  13. Circadian Rhythms The daily cycle our bodies experience each day is know as the circadian rhythm. As part of our circadian rhythm, we experience varying levels of alertness over a roughly 24 hour period of time. http://saypeople.com/2012/02/18/circadian-rhythm-has-an-important-effect-on-immunity-research/#axzz1vk6PP1Rd

  14. Circadian Rhythms Your circadian rhythm influences the time you wake, eat, are most alert, and go to sleep, among many other daily activities. http://saypeople.com/2012/02/18/circadian-rhythm-has-an-important-effect-on-immunity-research/#axzz1vk6PP1Rd

  15. Ultradian rhythm We are also influenced by other biological rhythms. • Ultradian rhythms are less than a day in length. • Theyinfluence urination, daydreaming, or hunger. • They also effect periods of light and deep sleep. http://saypeople.com/2012/02/18/circadian-rhythm-has-an-important-effect-on-immunity-research/#axzz1vk6PP1Rd

  16. Infradian rhythm • Infradian rhythms are greater than one day. • The best example of this rhythm is the menstrual cycle, approximately 28 days in length. http://www.care2.com/greenliving/the-history-of-biorhythms.html

  17. Circannual Rhythms Circannual rhythms last for about one year or more • Two examples are: • Hibernation • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) • Severe depression during the winter months • Seasonal variation in the production of melatonin http://www.workingmansdiary.com/2011/12/huffington-posts-7-ways-to-stay-happy.html

  18. Sleep AP Psychology NCVPS

  19. Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming Sleep is the most well-known biological cycle. Scientists have explored this rhythm in depth and have tried to ask the questions: • How do we sleep? • Why do we sleep? • Why do we dream?

  20. How Do We Sleep? Sleep (and alertness) are triggered by brain structures in the limbicsystem and the brainstem: • Levels of the hormone melatonin are influenced by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the pineal gland. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg

  21. How Do We Sleep? Sleep (and alertness) are triggered by brain structures in the limbic system and the brainstem: • The reticular formation is believed to activate higher regions of the brain, causing period of REM sleep and other periods of alertness. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg

  22. Why Do We Sleep? • One primary reason • Restorative theory: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day. • Sleep is needed for optimal physical and mental functioning. http://www.crmc.org/services/sleepapnea/default.aspx

  23. Why Do We Sleep? • Another primary reason • Evolutionary theory: keep us protected from the dangers of the night • Sleep patterns adapt to our individual needs. http://www.nativeremedies.com/blog/tag/sleep/

  24. How Much Sleep? The amount of sleep needed each day varies by age and by individual. https://new.edu/resources/sleeping-and-dreaming-revitalize-us-for-action

  25. Sleep Deprivation Sleep deprivation can cause physical, sensory and cognitive disruptions, and in animal studies, has been shown to lead to death. http://www.magnecare.co.uk/Insomnia/html/sleep_deprivation.html

  26. What Happens in Sleep? A person passes through varying stages of alertness, measurable by different brain wave patterns. http://www.younggunstrading.com/2011/05/to-psychologist-sleep.html

  27. What Happens in Sleep? Measured by an EEG (electroencephalogram), the changes in brain wave patterns reinforce scientists’ theories of changes in consciousness. http://www.rtmagazine.com/issues/articles/2003-06_03.asp

  28. Non-REM Sleep • Stages 1 - 4 are considered N-REM (non-REM sleep) http://1800mattressblog.com/2011/05/rem-and-we%E2%80%99re-not-referring-to-the-90%E2%80%99s-punk-alternative-band/

  29. Stage 1 Sleep • Breathing is slowed and brain waves become irregular. • It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. • Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes http://1800mattressblog.com/2011/05/rem-and-we%E2%80%99re-not-referring-to-the-90%E2%80%99s-punk-alternative-band/

  30. Stage 2 Sleep • Brain wave cycle slows. • First time through stage 2 lasts about 20 minutes. http://1800mattressblog.com/2011/05/rem-and-we%E2%80%99re-not-referring-to-the-90%E2%80%99s-punk-alternative-band/

  31. Stage 3 & 4 Sleep • Slow wave sleep • First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes • Rejuvenating sleep http://1800mattressblog.com/2011/05/rem-and-we%E2%80%99re-not-referring-to-the-90%E2%80%99s-punk-alternative-band/

  32. REM Sleep • Rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth • Pulse and breathing quickens • Brain wave patterns are similar to waking patterns • Vivid dreaming occurs in REM sleep

  33. Paradoxical Sleep • REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep • One’s bodily processes are close to that of being awake • However, the brainstem blocks all muscle movement (Muscle Atonia)

  34. Sleep Cycle Basics: • One cycle= ~90minutes • Awake= Beta waves/ Alert • Stage 1= Alpha waves (hypnogogic hallucinations may occur) • Stage 2= Theta waves (sleep spindles) • Stage 3 & 4= Delta waves • REM= Beta waves

  35. Comparing REM and N-REM Sleep

  36. Dreaming AP Psychology NCVPS

  37. Dreaming • REM Sleep is when most dreaming occurs. • Everyone dreams, although almost 95% of dreams are forgotten. • The quality of the dream varies vastly. http://telling-secrets.blogspot.com/2012/01/dream-little-dream-with-me.html

  38. Why Do We Dream? • There are a number of theories as to WHY we dream, but all psychologists agree that we NEED to dream. http://telling-secrets.blogspot.com/2012/01/dream-little-dream-with-me.html

  39. Why Do We Dream? • Information-Processing Theory • Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage. • Dreams serve an function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences http://wwwcdn.net/ev/assets/images/vectors/afbig/open-file-cabinet-clip-art.jpg

  40. Why Do We Dream? • Activation-Synthesis Theory • Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity in the brain as one sleeps. http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/803/822654/images/f04_p139.gif

  41. Why Do We Dream? • Freud’s wish-fulfilment theory • Dreamers dream of repressed desires • Manifest content is the literal content of the dream • Latent content is the disguised meaning of the dream http://www.freud-sigmund.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/The-Interpretation-of-Dreams1.jpg

  42. Why Do We Dream? • Cognitive Development Theory • Dreams part of the maturation process • Reflection of normal cognitive development http://health.howstuffworks.com/pregnancy-and-parenting/baby-health/newborn-development/understanding-cognitive-and-social-development-in-a-newborn-ga1.htm

  43. Why Do We Dream? • Other theories include: • Problem-solving theory • Webb and Cartwright (1978) • problem-solving after sleep—“sleep on it” • manifest content is the real content • Survival strategy theory • Winson (1997) • memories of new experiences are placed close together with older memories to form a strategy for survival

  44. Sleep Disorders AP Psychology NCVPS

  45. Sleep Disorders • Many people suffer disturbed sleep patterns periodically. • Others suffer from a variety of sleep disorders that can have serious physical and psychological effects. http://www.provhosp.org/sleepDI.htm

  46. Insomnia • Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep • Affects about 10% of the population http://healthewoman.org/medical-practice/services/anxiety-and-depression/ • Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem

  47. Sleep Apnea • Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening. • Disrupts circadian rhythms and REM sleep http://www.knowabouthealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Symptoms_of-sleep-apnea.jpg

  48. Narcolepsy • Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks • Person may lapse directly into REM sleep • Also may experience sudden loss of muscular control

  49. Somnambulism (sleepwalking) • Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep • Person may be able to talk, walk, or complete other activities • Rarely has any memory of the event http://our-health-info.blogspot.com/2009/09/sleepwalking-somnambulism.html

  50. Night Terrors • Characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified • Happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly in children • The individual seldom remembers the event. • NOT a nightmare.

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