Britain Defeats France, Tensions Grow in the Colonies

1. Chapter 3 The Colonies Come of Age Britain defeats France in North America. Tensions grow between Britain and its colonists. Colonial slavery becomes entrenched, particularly in the South. Women planting a field of onions at Wethersfield

2. Journal Entry: • Answer the following questions on the back of your notes: • How many colonies existed in the New World? • List the first 3 colonies in order • Name the leader of each of the following colonies and their purpose in the New World: Jamestown, Plymouth, Mass. Bay, Providence, and Pennsylvania.

3. Create a chart focusing on how Royalists and American colonists would view Governor Andros policies.

4. Bookwork • Read pages 85-89 and answer questions #3-5 at the end of Section 4.

5. Section 1 England and Its Colonies England and its largely self-governing colonies prosper under a mutually beneficial trade relationship.

6. SECTION 1 England and Its Colonies Prosper Mercantilism • English settlers exported raw materials; imported manufactured goods • Mercantilism-countries must get gold and silver to be self-sufficient • Favorable balance of trade means more gold coming in than going out

7. SECTION 1 England and Its Colonies Prosper The Navigation Acts • Parliament - England’s legislative body • England saw colonial sales to other countries as economic threat • 1651 Parliament passes Navigation Acts: laws restricting colonial trade 1. No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods were shipped in colonial or English Ships 2. All vessels had to operated by crews that were at least 3/4ths English or colonial 3. The colonists could export only certain goods to England 4. Almost ALL goods traded between the colonies and Europe had to pass through an English port first

8. SECTION 1 Tensions Emerge Crackdown in Massachusetts • Some colonists resented Navigation Acts; still smuggled goods abroad • In 1684 King Charles II revoked corporate charters; created royal colonies The Dominion of New England • In 1685, King James II created Dominion of New England - land from southern Maine to New Jersey united into one colony - to make colony more obedient, Dominion placed under single ruler • Governor Sir Edmund Andros antagonized Puritans, merchants

9. SECTION 1 Tensions Emerge The Glorious Revolution • King James II was unpopular in England: is Catholic, disrespected Parliament, and the people • Glorious Revolution- Parliament asserted its power over monarch, 1689 • Parliament crowned Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange • Massachusetts colonists arrested Andros and royal councilors • Parliament restored separate colonial charters • 1691 Massachusetts charter had royal governor, religious toleration

10. SECTION 1 England Loosens the Reins Salutary Neglect • Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English judges, no juries • Board of Trade had broad powers to monitor colonial trade • England’s salutary neglect -did not enforce laws if economic loyalty The Seeds of Self-Government • Governor: called, disbanded assembly; appointed judges; oversaw trade • Colonial assembly influenced governor because they paid his salary • Colonists still considered themselves British, but wanted self-government

11. Section 2 The Agricultural South In the Southern colonies, a predominately agricultural society develops.

12. SECTION 2 A Plantation Economy Arises The Rural Southern Economy • Fertile soil led to growth of agriculture • Farmers specialized in cash cropsgrown for sale, not personal use • Long, deep rivers allowed planters to ship goods directly to markets • Plantations produced most of what farmers needed on their property • Few cities grew: warehouses, shops not needed

13. Life in Southern Society SECTION 2 A Diverse and Prosperous People • In 1700s, many German, Scots, Scots-Irish immigrants settled in South • Southern population mostly small farmers • Planters were minority but controlled economy • By mid-1700s, growth in export trade made colonies prosperous

14. SECTION 2 Life in Southern Society The Role of Women • Women had few legal or social rights, little formal schooling • Most women cooked, cleaned, worked in garden, do farm chores • Rich and poor women must submit to husbands’ will Indentured Servants • In 1600s, male indentured servants were 1/2 to 2/3 of immigrants • In 1700s, reports of hardship kept European laborers away

15. SECTION 2 Slavery Becomes Entrenched The Evolution of Slavery • Slaves-people who are considered the property of others • English colonists were increasingly unable to enslave Native Americans • Indentured servant price rose; slaves worked for life, were better buy • Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slavery; slavery became more of a racially based institution

16. SECTION 2 Slavery Becomes Entrenched The European Slave Trade • 3-way triangular trade network tied colonies, Africa, West Indies: - New England exported rum to Africa - Africa exported slaves to West Indies - West Indies exported sugar, molasses to New England

17. SECTION 2 Slavery Becomes Entrenched The Middle Passage • Middle passage-middle leg of transatlantic trade, transported slaves • 20% or more of Africans on ship died from disease, abuse, suicide

21. SECTION 2 Slavery Becomes Entrenched Slavery in the South • 80–90% of slaves worked in fields; 10–20% worked in house or as artisans • Slaves worked full-time from age 12 until death • Owners beat, whipped slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful

22. SECTION 2 Africans Cope in Their New World Culture and Family • Africans in North America had different cultures, languages • Slaves preserved cultural heritage: crafts, music, stories, dance • Merchants, owners split families; slaves raise children left behind Resistance and Revolt • Slaves resisted subservient position, tried to escape • 1739 Stono Rebellion—planter families killed, militia defeated slaves • Colonists tightened slave laws, but slave rebellions continued

23. Section 3 The Commercial North The Northern colonies develop a predominately urban society based on commerce and trade.

24. SECTION 3 Commerce Grows in the North A Diversified Economy • Cold winters, rocky soil restricted New Englanders to small farms • Middle colonies raised livestock, crops; exported surplus • Diverse commercial economy developed in New England, middle colonies • By mid-1700s, merchants were powerful group in North Urban Life • Growth in trade led to large port cities like New York, Boston • Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban plan

25. SECTION 3 Northern Society Is Diverse Influx of Immigrants • 1700s, large influx of immigrants: Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, Jews • Immigrants encountered prejudice, clashed with frontier Native Americans Slavery in the North • Less slavery in North than in South; prejudice still existed • Slaves had some legal rights, but highly restricted

26. SECTION 3 Northern Society Is Diverse Women in Northern Society • Women had extensive work responsibilities but few legal rights • Only single women, widows could own businesses • Wives had to submit to husbands Witchcraft Trials in Salem • In 1692, false accusations of witchcraft led to trials, hysteria • Many accusers poor, brought charges against rich • Several victims were women considered too independent

27. Salem Witch Trials 1692 - 1693 http://www.salemweb.com/memorial/ Timeline for the trials in 1692

28. Scold’s Bridle

29. SECTION 3 New Ideas Influence the Colonists • The Enlightenment • • For centuries philosophers used reason and science to explain the world • • Enlightenment-movement in 1700s emphasizing reason, observation • • Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through books and pamphlets • • Benjamin Franklin embraced Enlightenment ideas • Bifocals, Pot Bellied Stove (wood stove), Bath Tub, Newspaper publisher, Public Library, Fire Department, Almanac, Electricity/lightening rod, Swim fins… and probably some other stuff but this will be enough for right now.  • • Other colonial leaders also adopted Enlightenment views

30. SECTION 3 New Ideas Influence the Colonists The Great Awakening • Puritans lost grip on Massachusetts society, membership declined • Jonathan Edwards preached people are sinful, must seek God’s mercy • Great Awakening-religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s • Native Americans, African Americans, colonists joined new churches • Interest in learning increased; Protestants founded colleges • Both movements (Great Awakening and Enlightenment) questioned authority, stressed individual’s importance George Whitefield

31. Section 4 The French and Indian War British victory over the French in North America enlarges the British empire but leads to new conflicts with the colonists.

32. SECTION 4 The French and Indian War Rivals for an Empire Britain and France Compete • In 1750s, Britain, France built empires; both wanted Ohio River Valley France’s North American Empire • France claimed St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley • By 1754, French colony of New France had small population • French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary priests • French had good relations, military alliances with natives

33. SECTION 4 Britain Defeats an Old Enemy The War Begins • France and Britain fought two inconclusive wars in early 1700s • French built Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia • In 1754, George Washington was sent to evict French; was defeated • French and Indian War began-fourth war between Britain and France 1754: The First Clash! The Ohio Valley

34. SECTION 4 Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Early French Victories • General Edward Braddock’s army ambushed near Fort Duquesne • 1755–1756, British lost repeated battles to French, native allies

35. SECTION 4 Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide • William Pitt helped British win battles; Iroquois joined British • In 1759, British capture of Quebec led to victory in war • Treaty of Paris ended war (1763); land divided between Britain, Spain

37. SECTION 4 Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Victory Brings New Problems • Ottawa leader Pontiac feared loss of land; captured British forts • British used smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened

38. SECTION 4 The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart British Policies Anger Colonists • Proclamation of 1763-colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians; Halt to western expansion upset colonists • Tensions in Massachusetts increased over crackdown on smuggling • Writs of assistance (1761) allowed searches of ships, businesses, homes British Proclamation Line of 1763

39. SECTION 4 The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart Problems Resulting from the War • Colonists felt threatened by British troops stationed in colonies • Prime Minister George Grenville set policies to pay war debt • Parliament passed Sugar Act(1764): - duty on foreign molasses halved - new duties placed on other imports - smuggling cases went to vice-admiralty court