1. Industry Man’s “Hard Work” to Make a Living

2. Primary Industries • Natural resource: useful substances found in earth • Agriculture • Farming • Cash crop: some income for family • Animal husbandry • Fishing • Seafood is the world’s 2nd largest commodity • Forestry

3. Primary Industries • Mining • Minerals: solid crystals that occur naturally • Metals • Precious metals (gold, silver, platinum) • Common metals (copper, lead, iron, aluminum) • Alloys: combination of metals (steel: strongest, most common) • Nonmetal minerals (limestone, sulfur, uranium) • Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum (oil), natural gas)

4. Secondary Industries • Taking raw materials and changing them into useful form • Raw materials: natural resources that have been extracted by primary industries • Construction • Manufacturing • Nondurable (food, chemicals, paper) • Durable (homes, furniture, cars, machinery

5. Secondary Industries • Changes in manufacturing • Industrial Revolution: rise of machines, steam engine • “Second” Revolution: electricity; telephone, telegraphs • Technology: application of science to industry • Information: computers, internet, smart phones

6. Tertiary Industries • Produce services (intangible products) • Infrastructure • Utilities (electricity, gas, water, trash, sewage disposal) • Transportation (water, land, air) • Communication (print media, electronic media) • Trade • Market: people or businesses buy products • Exports: primary and secondary goods that a country ships to other countries • Imports: goods a country receives from other countries • Tariffs: taxes on exports and imports • Embargo: ban on exports or imports to certain countries

7. Tertiary Industries • Finance • General or support services • Government

8. The Wealth of Nations • Economics: study of choices • Wealth: the ability to produce new things • Economic systems (essay) • Capitalism • Capital: money and equipment necessary to build industries • Free market: businesses compete freely in the marketplace for buyers with little interference from the government • Socialism • Command economy: government determines which industries are developed, what they produce, and where they development • Communism: most extreme form of socialism

9. Culture • Society: the relationships among human beings (86) • Culture: Society’s total way of life (86) • Humanism: humans can solve their own problems (88) • Language • Over 6600 languages in the world (89) • Dialect: speech patterns in a given language (89) • Literacy: the ability to read or write a language (91) • Soccer is the world’s most widely played sport (100)

10. Family, Religion, and the State • Nuclear family: husband, wife, and children (91-92) • Extended family: nuclear + grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins (92) • Five major religious groups: Christianity, Eastern, Islamic, Tribal, and Jewish (94-95, map) • Nation: large group of people with common language, history, sense of identity (94) • Nation-state: nation who has established its own government (state) (94) • Empire: nation conquering other nations beyond its borders (94)

11. History & Demography • Three major divisions of history: Ancient, Medieval, Modern (96-97) • Age of Imperialism: age of empire building (98) • Enlightenment: government comes from “the will of the people” (98) • Cultural convergence: growing similarities in cultures (99) • Demography: the study of human populations and their characteristics (101) • Census: official government count of population (101) • Life expectancy: number of years a person expected to live (102) • Urbanization: growth of urban areas at the expense of rural areas (104)

12. Government • Duty of government is to protect the people from violence (108) • Know these terms (108-109) • Absolute monarch • Dictatorship • Totalitarian government • Democracy • Constitutional monarchy • Republic

13. Government con’t • Diplomacy: the art of negotiation (110) • Treaty: formal agreement between nations (110) • Know these two international organizations and their functions (111) • NATO • United Nations (UN)