三國時代 The Three Kingdoms 220–280 Wei, Shu & Wu Adventures, Misadventures, and Missed Adventures

1. 三國時代 The Three Kingdoms220–280  Wei, Shu & WuAdventures, Misadventures, and Missed Adventures

2. Political and Cultural Legitimacy • Is cleverness alone enough to establish one’s kingdom? • Water can carry a boat; but it can also capsize a boat; (subjects vs. rulers) • In everybody’s heart, there is a moral scale.

3. Xing Tai (Ju Lu Commandery), Hebei Province. External Causes: famine, flood, locust, plague, Internal Causes: tax; insensitivity to people’s pains; incompetence and impotence in the royal rule; Zhang Jue 張角, known as the “General of Heaven,” cured many by his magic, a combination of traditional Chinese medicines, sorcery; He concluded that the period under the Yellow Emperor was most ideal. The Yellow Turban Rebellion(184 -205)

4. 南粮北调 Supply food to the north from the south Starting at Beijing, it passes through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou. The oldest parts of the canal date back to the 5th century BC, although the various sections were finally combined during the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD). The Jinghang Grand Canal京杭大运河1,776 km (1,103 miles)

5. 12 Eunuchs controlled the court; The English word eunuch is from the Greekeune ("bed") and ekhein ("to keep"), effectively "bed keeper". During King Ling’s rule (156-189), the 11th Emperor of the Easten Han dynasty (206 B.C.–220 A.D.) Zhao Zhong, Zhang Rang, Xia Yun, Guo Sheng, Sun Zhang, Bi Lan, Li Song, Duan Gui, Gao Wang, Zhang Gong, Han Li and Song Dian. Inside the House of HanThe Emperor Became a Puppet

6. The Trouble of Dong Zhuo董卓之乱 • Following the death of Emperor Ling in 189, General-in-Chief He Jin 何进 • (with Yuan Shao袁绍,?－202, behind the scene) asked Dong Zhuo董卓to lead his troops into Luoyang to help him in eliminating the eunuch faction. • Before Dong's arrival, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuchs and the capital fell into a state of turmoil. The eunuchs took Emperor Shao hostage and fled from Luoyang. • Dong Zhuo's army intercepted the eunuchs and brought the emperor back to the palace.

7. Dong Zhuo deposed Emperor Shao, Liu Bian, who was then 15 years old. Pressed by Dong Zhuo, the young emperor committed suicide. He was on the throne for 5 months, during which period, it was his mother and uncle He Jin who ran the court. Dong Zhuo董卓 (138 - 192)

8. Dong rose to the position of Knight General, Longxi, Gansu Province; Ding Yuan丁原 (? – 189) was minor warlord. In 189, both Ding Yuan and Dong Zhuo were summoned into the capital Luoyang. Recognizing Lü Bu’s吕布 talent and power, Dong Zhuo bought him over by a rare steed: Red Hare 赤兔马. Dong Zhuo (138-192)

9. His famous “Sky Piercer” His famous steed “Red Hare” He was for adoption: going through three adoptive “fathers” Ding Yuan; Dong Zhuo and Wang Yun Lü Bu’s Role（?—198） City of BaotouInner Mongolia

10. King Xian of Han Liu Che (181－234) was then only 9 years old. Dong declared himself as Chancellor and chased Yuan Shao away. Dong Zuo took any consorts and concubines he wanted. Dong Zhuo vs. the Young Emperor

11. The Campaign against Dong Zhuo (190)

12. Descendant of Master Sun Wu who wrote The Art of War, Sun was in charge of Changsha Prefecture in Hunan Province; Sun Jian went as far as the capital; But Dong Zhuo fled with the whole court and had Luoyang burned to ashes. 玉玺【yùxǐ】 imperial jade seal. Sun Jian denounces Yuan Shu who detained his provisions… Yuan Shu revealed that Sun Jian kept the seal; His second son Sun Quan commented on the history of the imperial jade seal, concluding that it may not be a blessing to keep it; On the way back to his hometown, Yuan Shao asked Liu Biao, (142-208 ) a general and prefectural governor of Jingzhou (Hubei province), to stage an ambush to reclaim the seal; To retrieve his father’s body, Sun Quan negotiated with Liu Biao… Sun Jian (155-191)

13. Liu Biao’s assistant suggested to have Sun Quan killed; 斩草除根 【zhǎncǎochúgēn】 cut the weeds and dig up the roots - destroy root and branch; stamp out the source of trouble. Sun Quan replied, my elder brother has gone back to Changsha as the new leader; When laughed at about his age, Little Sun Quan remarked, when the founding emperor was 9 years old, he shot a fierce tiger to death; When Emperor Wu of Han was 9 years old, he was able to draw his bow to kill enemies; Now I am 9 years old, useless as I am, all I can do is to plea for peace with you, Uncle Liu, All I can do is to beg you to let me take my father home; All I can do is to promise that I will never seek revenge; The Young DiplomatThe Three Kingdoms, a TV series

14. Young Sun Quan

15. In Homer’s Iliad, the old king of Troy Priam tearfully pleaded with Achilles to let him take his son Hector home… Deeply moved, Achilles finally relents and returns Hector’s body to the Trojans. Priam, the king of Troy

16. Records of The Three Kingdoms 三国志 the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, written by Chen Shou 陈寿（233—297） in the 3rd century (Western Jin). Two Versions of the Three Kingdoms

17. Luo Guanzhong （1330—1400） Ming Dynasty Pioneered Chinese novel writing organized by chapters章回小说 Roberts, Moss, tr. Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel (1991) University of California Press http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms Romance of The Three Kingdoms三国演义

18. In the history book, Chen Shou treated Cao Cao in a more positive light; In the novel, Luo Guanzhong seems rather negative on Cao Cao, depicting him as a 奸雄【jiānxióng】 a person who achieves high position by unscrupulous scheming; Pros and Cons on Cao Cao

19. Cao Cao (155～220) He was a low ranking military officer guarding the palace; When Wang Yun王允celebrated his 60th birthday, Cao Cao, uninvited, knocked on the door… Cao Cao’s Abortive Assassination of Dong Zhuo借刀杀人【jièdāoshārén】 murder with a borrowed knife - make use of another person to get rid of an adversary.

20. Minister over the Masses (司徒) was one of the three most important official posts during the Han Dynasty, called the Three Excellencies. Director of Imperial Secretariat (尚书令) Wang Yun 王允(137 – 192 )

21. The Three Excellencies • Or the Three Lords was the collective name for the three highest officials in ancient China. • Starting in the Zhou Dynasty, the top three were: Grand Secretary 太师; Grand Tutor太傅, and Grand Protector太保. • In the Western Han Dynasty, the three positions were: the Chancellor (丞相), the Imperial Secretary (御史大夫), and the Grand Commandant (太尉) in the Western Han Dynasty; • in the Eastern Han Dynasty the names of the Three Excellencies were changed to Grand Commandant (司馬), Minister over the Masses (司徒), and Minister of Works (司空).

22. Cao Cao wanted to borrow a knifeSeven-Star dagger 七星刀 • At the party, after Cao Cao openly denounced Dong Zhuo; Wang Yun threw him out in public but called him back in secret • 传家宝【chuánjiābǎo】 family heirloom • Wang Yun has a legendary knife that could cut through metal—seven star dagger • In the library, Cao Cao saw a shielded dagger, but Wang Yun gave him another one; • Cao Cao reported that for the past six months, he won the trust from Dong Zhuo, but Dong has a inner shield on all night long.

23. The Mirror saved Dong Zhuo’s life • When Cao Cao went to Dong Zhuo’s residence, he saw Lǚ Bu; • Dong asked Lǚ Bu to pick a steed for Cao Cao; • When Cao Cao walked Dong Zhuo to his bed, he got a chance to stab Dong Zhuo; • But Dong Zhuo saw him holding a dagger in the mirror; • Cao immediately claimed that he meant to give this legendary dagger to Dong Zhuo;

24. Cao Cao Ran Away • After excusing himself, Cao Cao went out; • Lǚ Bu just came back with a steed; • Cao Cao tried his new horse, and ran out of the city; • When Dong Zhuo presented his new treasure to Lǚ Bu, Lǚ mentioned that Wang Yun had such a dagger; • It suddenly dawned on Dong Zhuo that Cao Cao meant to kill him;

25. Outraged, Dong Zhuo sent 5,000 soldiers to go after Cao Cao; The reward was extremely high; Cao Cao realized that it would not make any difference if he killed Dong Zhuo; To fundamentally solve a problem, you should identify the root cause; Moral guidance holds the key otherwise there will another Dong Zhuo Why Cao Cao failed his assassination? Why did he borrow a weapon from Wang Yun? Cao Cao studied The Art of War very thoroughly; He was the first one to do extensive annotations on the military treatise; With his unguarded access to Dong Zhuo, Cao Cao could have Dong killed at any moment; Cao Cao became famous

26. At County of Zhong Mou, Cao Cao was caught; But he talked himself out of the trouble; The county magistrate Chen Gong 陈宫 escaped together with him, but his head was only worth fifty gold pieces; Chen left Cao after the bloodshed, Later Cao raised his own army; Cao took Chen to Lǚ Boshe’s 吕伯奢 residence, his father’s old friend, Chen later heard the sound of knife- sharpening, mistaking that for potential murders; as a matter of fact, the folks were preparing a dinner for the guests; The two slaughtered the whole family; On the way out, they ran into the old man who just returnd with wine; Caught and Released

27. A fake imperial edict that denounces Dong Zhuo; When questioned on its authenticity, Cao Cao said, of course it is a fake document; but sometimes a fake document works better than a real one; Of course a nine year old emperor can’t write something like that; but everything I wrote was just what the emperor wanted to say… Another gift was a detailed map of the royal palace since Cao Cao knew the place as he knew his own palm; However the coalition did not work out since most of the participants simply used the occasion to seek personal gains; Cao Cao’s Two GiftsAt the First Meeting

28. When searching Wang Yun’s residence for Cao Cao, Lǚ Bu met Diao Chan; Diao Chan pointed at the legendary dagger, confirming this is the seven star dagger; Lǚ Bu & Diao Chan貂婵

29. Dong has the whole city of Luoyang burned down, On the way to Chang’an长安 for eternal peace, the western capital, there was an ambush; Lǚ Bu saved Diao Chan’s life (fictive detail in a new TV series), When Wang Yun found out the romance, he got an idea; Wang Yun finally persuaded Diao Chan, his adoptive daughter, to play a role that would sow a seed of discord between Dong Zhuo and Lǚ Bu… Dong Zhuo Moved the Capital

30. Dong Zhuo Seized Diao Chan • Wang Yun invited Dong Zhuo to his residence, pretending to make peace with him; • As if accidentally, Diao Chan showed up; • Dong Zhuo proposed to name Diao Chan as the emperor’s Precious Lady or gui fei--贵妃【guìfēi】 highest-ranking imperial concubine.; a title only next to the queen; • But the emperor was only 9 years old;

31. Dong Zhuo (played by Li Po) and Diao Chan (played by Chen Hong, film director Chen Kaige’s wife) as depicted in the TV series Romance of the Three Kingdoms Dong Zhuo & Diao Chan

32. Dong Zhuo’s advisor suggested he should give Diao Chan back to Lǚ Bu, Dong agreed to that; Diao Chan on the other hand pretended she would prefer to spend her life with Dong Zhuo; When with Lǚ Bu, she said she loved Lǚ Bu; Diao Chan Played her Role Well

33. He was caught in a dilemma: Dong was his adoptive father; Wang Yun, another father to Lǚ Bu (father-in-law), pointed out that Dong had violated everything under the heaven… Lǚ Bu was heartbroken

34. Wang Yun announced that the emperor decided to yield his throne to Dong Zhuo; Dong Zhuo was about to perform a grand sacrificial ceremony, the Feng Ceremony, to heaven; All of a sudden, Wang Yun announced another imperial edict, denouncing Dong Zhuo for all his crimes; Lǚ Bu pierced Dong Zhuo right through his heart; Two Imperial Edicts

35. Wang Yun became arrogant; Wang Yun refused to pardon the other three generals Li Jue, Guo Si and Fan Chou, who used to serve Dong Zhuo; This turned out to be fatal mistake; These three had no choice but to rebel; They still boated about 100,000 troops; Wang Yun’s Death

36. Cao Cao “Kidnapped” the Emperor • While others were busy expanding their territories, Cao Cao got the emperor back and moved him to Xu Chang--许昌【Xǔchāng】 Place name - Area code: 0374, Postcode: 461000 (河南省).; • Cao Cao declared himself as chancellor, controlling the court; • He treated the young emperor nicely, with respect, but with strict surveillance (Panopticon, a prison designed by Jeremy Bentham in 1785) as if he put the emperor under house arrest;

37. The Panopticon is a type of prison building designed by English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in 1785. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to observe (-opticon) all (pan-) prisoners. Prisoners could not tell whether they are being watched or not, thereby conveying what one architect has called the "sentiment of an invisible omniscience." Bentham himself described the Panopticon as "a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind… The Panopticon

38. The only place the emperor could relax a little was in his bathroom; He arranged a secret meeting with Liu Bei, his uncle; The meeting was held in his bathroom; Liu Bei was searched when departing; He wrote an edict in blood and hid it in a jade girdle; His precious lady Dong Lin arranged a temple visit; Her father Dong Cheng went with the emperor; However, his servant Qin Qingtong who was punished by Dong Cheng for his love affair with his concubine, reported to Cao Cao; Cao Cao killed Dong Qingtong for his disloyalty to his master; Powerless Emperor

39. The pattern in his behavior He is always for adoption; But If you team up with him, he will take over; As a result, he got his old troops summoned; The Death of Lü BuThe Battle of Xia Pi (198)

40. At the White Gate Tower • In 198, his city was surrounded by Cao Cao; • His military advisor suggested he lead one army out and camp outside the city in order to form a counter-siege on Cao cao; Lü Bu delay the move due to Diao Chan’s sickness; • It had been raining, and Cao Cao had the River Si diverted to have the city drowned—using water as soldiers; • Hou Cheng, Song Xian and Wei Xu rebelled; they had Chen Gong, the military advisor bound; • Realizing he was losing, Lü Bu asked his men to have him beheaded and surrender to Cao Cao; No body could stand this; • On February 7th, 198, Lü surrendered to Cao Cao; • In the new TV series, Lü Bu was overpowered by his staff during his sleep.

41. Lü Bu offered to lead cavalry for Cao Cao; and Cao Cao leads infantry, thus Cao Cao could rule the whole country; Cao Cao was quite intrigued by this proposal; Liu Bei on the other hand commented on how Lü Bu served his two adoptive fathers: Lü Bu killed them both himself. In the new TV series, ten thousand arrows pierced through his heart; Liu Bei was nailed

42. Cao Cao United the North • The Battle of Guandu (官渡之戰今河南中牟東北 ) was a prelude to the Three Kingdoms period. It took place at the Yellow River in 200. • It was a crucial victory for the warlord Cao Cao (155-220) who defended his territories against his rival warlord Yuan Shao (154-202). • The battle was a turning point in the war between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, and marked the beginning of Cao Cao's gradual reunification of northern China, which made the establishment of the Cao Wei state possible.

43. Yuan Shao, after taking over four provinces, aimed at snatching back the emperor; thus putting himself directly in conflict with Cao Cao; Yuan Shao boasted about 700,000 soldiers; Secret for his success: supplies for his army Yuan Shu （?－199） got the imperial jade seal and declared himself as emperor in 197; So in history there were two emperors for a while; yet nobody would accept Yuan Shu’s claim anyway—what constitutes political and cultural legitimacy? Yuan Shao vs. Yuan Shu

44. The raid on Wuchao乌巢糧倉【liángcāng】 granary; barnhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYO_0EFszI4 • In the tenth month, Yuan Shao's general Chunyu Qiong 淳于瓊 returned with an army of 10,000 from Hebei escorting large reserves of food supplies. • Yuan Shao 袁紹 ordered Chunyu to escort the supplies to Wuchao (烏巢; in modern Yanjin, Henan), a place 40 li away from Guandu near Gushi 固始 , and placed him in charge of guarding the supplies there. • Yuan Shao's advisor Ju Shou 沮授 argued that Wuchao, being their important supply depot, was too lightly guarded and insisted that Yuan Shao should send the general Jiang Qi (蔣奇) to Chunyu Qiong to prevent any potential raids. Yuan Shao, again, did not heed Ju Shou's advice.

45. Xu You’s RoleLet’s do a roleplay • Yuan Shao's advisor Xu You 許攸, and old friend of Cao Cao, harbored a long-term dissatisfaction against Yuan Shao for not using his plans; • His wife was arrested for some kind of transgression, • At midnight, Xu You came to Cao Cao’s camp; Cao Cao met him barefooted; • Cao Cao led 5,000 cavalrymen to attack Wuchao by using Yuan Shao’s banners; • At the headquarter, Cao’s army prepared an ambush;

46. Yuan Shao only sent a small number of soldiers to rescue Wuchao; The main army attacked Cao’s headquarter; But they were ambushed; Cao Cao stormed Yuan Shao’s camp; Within Yuan’s troops, once they learned what happened to their provisions and supplies, the army split and soldiers scattered; As a result, Yuan Shao led about 800 men back to Hebei province; Upon Seeing the fire

47. Yuan Shao was arrogant It is the worthy bird that chooses a worthy tree (to perch on); how could a tree choose its birds? Chapter 3 in Romance of the Three Kingdoms Commentary of Zuo--on The Spring and Autumn Annals Cao Cao treasured all talents; It may not be a coincidence that Cao Cao got Xu You’s help; To succeed, one needs three factors/conditions: Timing (Heavenly) Geographical advantages; Harmony among human relationships; How to Treat (Talented) PeopleIt is always a bird that chooses a roost/tree, not the other around

48. The Battle of Guandu marked the most glorious moment for Cao Cao; Defeating many by a few—golden rule in military affairs The battle at Red Cliff turned out to be Cao Cao’s Waterloo Does anyone knows when to stop? How about timing? How about geographical advantages? How about harmony among human relationships? The Battle of Guandu vs. The battle at Red Cliff

49. To prevent his soldiers from getting seasick, Cao Cao ordered to have his fleet bound together; Huang Gai faked surrender to Cao Cao; but all his boats were loaded with fuel; Zhou Yu, an expert on warfare on water finally used fire to wipe out Cao Cao’s fleet; His troops got exhausted while his rivals are at rest—it is their hometown; Northerners are not used to warfare on water; Plage of Schistoso’miasis caused by blood flukes; Most important of all, the local people don’t welcome Cao Cao Cao Cao’s Disadvantages

50. Zhou Yu, the commander-in-chief and Huang Gai pretended they disagreeed over something; Zhou first ordered to have Huang Gai exucted; This is all for show; Cai Mao/Zhang Yun reported this to Cao Cao 苦肉计【kǔròujì】 the ruse of inflicting an injury on oneself to win the confidence of the enemy.