1. ERT 243 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING (CAD) Structural Drafting Siti Kamariah Md Sa’at School of Bioprocess Engineering, UniMAP

2. STRUCTURAL SHAPES AND MEMBERS CLASSIFICATION: • S shapes (formerly called standard beam or I beam) • C shapes (formerly called standard Channels) • W shapes (formerly called Wide-flange shapes) • M shapes (formerly called Joists and light beams) • Structural Tee • L shapes or Angles • Hollow structural section (HSS) • Plates, Round and rectangular bars.

4. The steel sections classification mostly used in North America: Values are presented in either Imperial (inch-pound) units or SI (metric) units. The data presented in each system isn't exactly equal; therefore, each system should be used essentially separately. Combinations values from these systems aren't allowed. (ASTM A6/A6M).

5. The steel sections classification mostly used in North America: • I-beams (I-shaped cross-section)W - Wide flange steel beam (I-shaped cross-section) have parallel flange surfaces.S - American Standard Beam (I-shaped cross-section) have a slope on the inner flange surfaces.HP - Bearing Pile (H-shaped cross-section) have parallel flange surfaces and equal web and flange thicknesses.M - Miscellaneous shapes cannot be classified as standard i-beams (W,S,HP), available from a limited number of manufacturers.

6. The steel sections classification mostly used in North America: • Channels (C-shaped cross-section)C - American Standard Channels have a slope on the inner flange surfaces. MC -American Miscellaneous Channels cannot be classified as standard channels, available from a limited number of manufacturers. • Angles (L-shaped cross-section)L - shapes are equal leg and unequal leg angles.

7. Steel section types

8. Structural Steel Shapes

9. Table Properties of common structural steel shapes • Table 25-2

10. Mill Tolerances • You should understand certain permissible deviations that are brought about the manufacture of structural steel. • These permissible deviations from AISC manual, in mill catalogsnand from the lengths specified by purchaser, are referred as mill tolerances. • Factor considered the necessity of a mill tolerance are: • high speed of rolling operation required to prevent the metal from cooling before the process complete. • the varying skill of operators in squeezing together the rolls • the mechanical factors • warping of steel in process of cooling • the subsequent shrinkage in the length of shape was cut while the metal still hot

13. Example calculation length + tolerances • W24x94 beam having 24 ¼ in depth. • Depth at centerline could be 24 ¼ + 1/8 or 24 ¼ - 1/8 • Width of flange could be 9 + ¼ or 9 – ¼ • The beam ordered to cut in the mill as 55-ft length, it will received from fabricator with a length 55+ ¾ or 55 – ¾

14. Example calculation of minimum and maximum length of joint beams • Minimum length: (42’ – 3/8) + (35’ – 3/8) • Maximum length: (42’ + 3/8) + (35’ + 3/8) B1 B2 W10 42’ 35’

15. The steel beams (sections) classification used in UK. • I-beams (I-shaped cross-section)UB - Universal Beams (I-shaped beams) have parallel flange surfaces.J - Joists (I-shaped beams) have a slope on the inner flange surfaces.UC - Universal Columns are shaped sections have equal or near-equal width and depth.UBP- Universal Bearing Piles are shaped sections have parallel flange surfaces and equal (or near-equal) web and flange thicknesses, stocky webs and flanges. • C-Profiles (channels)CH - Taper flange channels.PFC- Parallel flange channels.

16. The steel beams (sections) classification used in UK. • Angles (L-shaped cross-section). They are often used to carry tension loads and can be bolted or welded to other members.UE - Angles are unequal angles have legs of different lengths.E - Angles are equal angles have both legs of the same length. • A Hollow Structural Section (HSS) is a type of metal profile with a hollow tubular cross section. In some countries they are referred to instead as a structural hollow section (SHS). RHS - Hot finished rectangular hollow section.CHS - Hot finished circular hollow section. SHS - Hot finished square hollow section.

17. Structural Steel Shapes Projecting structural shapes. A. I- or H-beam. B. Channel. C. Tee.

18. Table Properties of common structural steel shapes • ..\..\Nota penting\Standard n detail\Steel dimension\section_factors.pdf

19. Connection • There are four basic connectors used in making structural steel connections. They are bolts, welds, pins, and rivets.

20. Type of Connection

21. Web connection