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Earth Science Review

Earth Science Review. We Have Studied. Land- Lithosphere Air- Atmosphere Water- Hydrosphere. Lithosphere. Three main layers of the Earth Crust- Top layer. Relatively thin Mantle- Middle layers. -Core- Thickest layer. Outer core is liquid. Mapping.

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Earth Science Review

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  1. Earth Science Review

  2. We Have Studied • Land- Lithosphere • Air- Atmosphere • Water- Hydrosphere

  3. Lithosphere • Three main layers of the Earth • Crust- Top layer. Relatively thin • Mantle- Middle layers. -Core- Thickest layer. Outer core is liquid.

  4. Mapping • Latitude- Imaginary lines that run horizontally. Tell how north or south a place is. Equator is 0 degrees latitude. • Longitude- Imaginary lines that run vertically. Tell how east or west something is. Prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude.

  5. Rocks • Three types • Igneous- made from volcano • Sedimentary- sediments that are pressed/glued together. • Metamorphic- used to be either igneous or sedimentary but through heat and pressure have changed to a new kind.

  6. Rock Structures • Fault- Crack in crust • Fracture- crack in rock • Dike- fracture that was filled in. • Strata-layers of rock.

  7. Aging Rock • Law of superposition- Top layers are younger. • Cross cutting rule- Any disturbance in a rock is younger than the rock itself.

  8. Volcanoes • Shield- largest. Gently sloping sides. Smooth lava. • Composite- layers caused by different types of materials in past eruptions. Ex. Ash, lava, chunks/rocks. • Cinder cone- Smallest. Steep sloping sides. Chunky lava. Violent eruptions.

  9. Earthquakes • Plate boundaries • Convergent- Plates pressing into one another. • Divergent- Plates moving away from one another. • Sliding- Plates sliding past each other.

  10. ATMOSPHERE • Composition • 78% nitrogen • 21% oxygen • Argon, carbon dioxide etc.

  11. Layers of the Atmosphere • Troposphere- Weather • Stratosphere- planes • Mesosphere- meteors burn up • Ionosphere- Auroras • Exosphere- very few molecules.

  12. Clouds • Cirro- High altitude • Alto- Mid-altitude • Cumulo- puffy • Strato- flat • Nimbo- storm

  13. Water cycle • Evaporation- Water changing from liquid to gaseous phase. • Condensation-Water changing from gaseous to liquid phase. • Transpiration-evaporation of water from the leaves of plants.

  14. Weather • Rain- Temperatures above freezing the whole way down. • Sleet- Temps. Below freezing at end of fall. Small balls of ice. • Freezing rain- Rain that freezes after it hits the ground. • Hail- Large balls of ice. Frozen rain gets cycled back into cloud by updraft, growing each time. • Snow- Temps. Below freezing all the way down.

  15. Global Warming • Radiant Heat- Heat absorbed by objects/earth that is emitted when the sun goes down. • Greenhouse gases • Carbon dioxide- From burning fossil fuels • Methane- rice paddies, cattle, landfills • Nitrous oxide- cars, manufacturing fertilizers

  16. How do greenhouse gases effect ocean currents? • Too much greenhouse gases causes too much radiant heat to be deflected back toward Earth. This causes a rise in average temperatures which can lead to melting of the ice caps. Melting of the ice caps puts too much fresh water in the ocean. Too much fresh water in the ocean does not allow water at poles to sink and pull water from south. Ocean currents slow and continents cool.

  17. Ozone • What is ozone? Three oxygen molecules bonded together (O3) • Where is ozone? In the stratosphere • What does ozone do? Deflects most UV radiation from the sun.

  18. HYDROSPHERE • Percent salt water- 97% • What is salinity?- Amount of salt in water • -Where is all the fresh water? Most is in glaciers/ice caps, underground/in soil, rivers/lakes, atmosphere

  19. Water terms • Estuary-Where fresh and salt water mix. • Geyser- Spring that erupts water periodically. • Spring- underground water that bubbles up to surface. • Thermocline- Area under top, warm layer of ocean where the temperature declines rapidly.

  20. Indirectly polluting hydrosphere • Factories- Sulfur oxides • Automobiles- Nitrogen oxides • Farms- pesticides and fertilizers

  21. Cleaning up pollution • Factories- Wet scrubbers • Automobiles- Catalytic converters • Farms- Use less, natural pesticides (insects that eat pest insects), slow release fertilizers, crop rotation.

  22. Directly polluting Hydrosphere • How- Factories etc. directly piping or dumping polluted waste water or garbage into waterways. • Thermal pollution- Factories piping heated water into waterways.

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