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Sense Relations & Semantic Field

6. Sense Relations & Semantic Field. 6. Sense Relations & Semantic Field. Sense relations: Polysemy Homonymy Synonymy Antonymy Hyponymy Semantic field. 6.1 Polysemy. Polysemy is concerned with words of more than one meaning. Change of word-meaning

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Sense Relations & Semantic Field

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  1. 6 Sense Relations & Semantic Field

  2. 6. Sense Relations & Semantic Field • Sense relations: • Polysemy • Homonymy • Synonymy • Antonymy • Hyponymy • Semantic field

  3. 6.1 Polysemy • Polysemy is concerned with words of more than one meaning. • Change of word-meaning • new word = one meaning = monosemous • monosemic • more than one = polysemous • polysemic

  4. 6.1 Polysemy • How does a word acquire new meanings? • In what way are the meanings related to one another?

  5. 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy • 1. Diachronic approach • Example: face: 12 senses • Abstract M Concrete M • (2) (1) (8) • (5) (3) (10) • (6) (4) (11) • (9) (7) (12)

  6. 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy • Polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the same word. • All the meanings (2)-(12) are derived from (1). • (1) (2, 3, 4, 5…12)

  7. 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy • 2. Synchronic approach • Polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. • The primary meaning is the core or central meaning. • All the rest are secondary.

  8. 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy • Pictorial description of the meanings of face: 3 2 Each derived meaning is directly related to the central meaning. 4 12 5 11 1 10 6 9 7 8 radiation

  9. 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy • There are cases where the central meaning has become less and less current with changes in culture and society, and one of the derived meanings has become dominant.

  10. gay (WNWD): (1) joyous and lively; merry; happy (2) bright, brilliant (3) given to social life and pleasure (4) wanton; licentious (5) homosexual The arrangement follows the order of semantic development.

  11. gay (LDCE) (1) homosexual • (2) bright or attractive • (3) cheerful; happy; full of fun

  12. gay(CCED, ALD) (1) homosexual (2) lively and enjoyable (person) (3) lively and interesting (place) (4) bright and pretty (colour) (5) lively and pleasant (music) • Labour Day, Labour Day, We are happy and gay!

  13. 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy • In some cases, the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the primarysense and the latest sense.

  14. Example: treacle • (1) wild beast • (2) remedy for bites of venomousbeasts • (3) antidote for poison or remedy for poison • (4) any effective remedy • (5) (BrE) molasses

  15. Treacle 1 2 3 4 5 concatenation linking together

  16. 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy Radiation and concatenation are closely related, but are different stages of development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.

  17. 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy • radiation and concatenation 3c 2 3b 3a 6 Process of meaning development 1 5 4a 4b

  18. 6.2 Homonymy

  19. 6.2 Homonymy • Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either • identical both in sound and spelling or • identical only in sound or • identical only in spelling.

  20. 6.2.1Types of Homonyms • 1. Perfect homonyms • words identical both in sound and spelling • bark v. （狗）吠 • bark n. 树皮 • fan n. 扇 • fan n. 迷

  21. 6.2.1Types of Homonyms • 2. Homographs • [homo(same) +graph(writing)] • words identical only in spelling • row v. /r∂u/划（船） • row n. /rau/ 喧哗 • lead v. /li:d/ 领导 • lead n. /led/ 铅

  22. 6.2.1Types of Homonyms • 3. Homophones • [homo(same) +phone(sound)] • words identical only in sound • air /εə/ • heir /εə/继承人 • cell /sel/小房间 • sell /sel/

  23. 6.2.1Types of Homonyms • Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number.

  24. 6.2.2Origins of Homonyms • 1. Change in sound and spelling • ear n. 耳from eare (OE) • ear n. 穗 from ær (OE)

  25. 6.2.2Origins of Homonyms • 2. Borrowing • ball n. 球from beallu (OE) • ball n. 舞会from baller (OF)

  26. 6.2.2Origins of Homonyms • 3. Shortening • mad • MADmutually assured destruction • who • WHOWorld Health Organization

  27. 6.2.3Distinguishing homonyms and Polysemants • 1. Source • 2. Semantic relatedness

  28. 6.2.3Distinguishing homonyms and Polysemants • polysemant: • (1) same source, different meanings • (2) meanings related • homonyms: • (1) different sources, different meanings • (2) meanings not related

  29. 6.2.4 Rhetoric Functions of Homonyms • Homonyms are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humour, sarcasm or ridicule.

  30. 6.2.4 Rhetoric Functions of Homonyms • Customer: “How come your sausages taste like meat at one end but like bread at the other?” • Butcher: “Madam, in times like this, no butcher can make both ends meat/meet.”

  31. 6.2.4 Rhetoric Functions of Homonyms • A: What colour would you paint the sun and the wind? • B: The sun rose and the wind blue. • The sun rose and the wind blew.

  32. 6.2.4 Rhetoric Functions of Homonyms • A: Do you know what happens to lawyers when they die? • B: They lie still. • 继续说谎 • 躺着不动

  33. END

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