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Revision for P3: Radioactive Materials

This revision guide focuses on essential topics for the P3 Exam related to radioactive materials and nuclear radiation. It covers the structure of the atom, the types of radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma), energy efficiency principles, background radiation measurements, and the significance of half-life. Additionally, it discusses various energy sources and types of nuclear waste, including low, intermediate, and high-level waste. Importantly, the health implications of radiation exposure, including ALARA principles and risk assessment, are explored to prepare you thoroughly for the exam.

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Revision for P3: Radioactive Materials

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  1. Learning Objective: • To review the key areas in preparation for the P3 Exam. Wednesday, 02 April 2014 Revision forP3: Radioactive Materials

  2. Nuclear Radiation • Comes from the nucleus • Nucleus contains neutrons and protons • Electrons orbit around the edge Electrons Nucleus Two isotopes of Carbon – both have 6 protons but different numbers of neutrons.

  3. 3 Types of Radiation Alpha • Very ionising • Not very penetrating • Absorbed by paper or dead skin cells • Stopped by only a few centimetres of air Beta • Slightly ionising • Absorbed by aluminium or half a metre of air Gamma • Not very ionising • Very penetrating • Absorbed by lead or thick concrete

  4. Efficiency • Efficiency, as a percentage, is worked out by: • The more efficient the object is the less energy is wasted or dissipated in an wasteful way • Be able to interpret energy flow diagrams

  5. Background Radiation The dose of radiation is measured in sieverts Sv, or millisieverts mSv.

  6. Damaged – but repairs itself Radiation passes straight through What happens when radiation hits a cell? If it hits a sex cell it could cause a mutation by changing a gene It is killed The DNA is damaged and the cell develops out of control – a cancer has begun

  7. Primary Energy Source: A source of energy not made from any other sort of energy source e.g. fossil fuels and uranium Secondary Energy Source: A source of energy that can be distributed easily but has been manufactured using a primary energy source e.g. electricity Energy Resources

  8. Fossil Fuel Power Station Be able to label a diagram like this

  9. Nuclear Power Station Know the differences between these 2 diagrams

  10. Fission Neutron

  11. Chain Reaction Uncontrolled – causes a nuclear bomb Controlled – used in a power station

  12. Half Life The half life of a radioactive substance is the amount of time it takes for the activity (amount of radiation that is given out) to fall to half the previous value.

  13. 3 Types of Waste Low Level • e.g. protective clothing and medical equipment • Packed in drums and put in a special landfill site Intermediate Level • Less dangerous that high level waste High Level • E.g. spent/old fuel rods • This gets hot as it is so radioactive, it’s kept in a pool of water to absorb the heat

  14. Health and Radioactive Materials • Some questions will expect you to understand and / or discuss: • ALARA • Risks and Benefit • Precautionary Principle • Perceived risk and Actual risk

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