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Revision for P3: Radioactive Materials

Learning Objective: To review the key areas in preparation for the P3 Exam. Wednesday, 02 April 2014. Revision for P3: Radioactive Materials. Nuclear Radiation. Comes from the nucleus Nucleus contains neutrons and protons Electrons orbit around the edge. Electrons. Nucleus.

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Revision for P3: Radioactive Materials

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  1. Learning Objective: • To review the key areas in preparation for the P3 Exam. Wednesday, 02 April 2014 Revision forP3: Radioactive Materials

  2. Nuclear Radiation • Comes from the nucleus • Nucleus contains neutrons and protons • Electrons orbit around the edge Electrons Nucleus Two isotopes of Carbon – both have 6 protons but different numbers of neutrons.

  3. 3 Types of Radiation Alpha • Very ionising • Not very penetrating • Absorbed by paper or dead skin cells • Stopped by only a few centimetres of air Beta • Slightly ionising • Absorbed by aluminium or half a metre of air Gamma • Not very ionising • Very penetrating • Absorbed by lead or thick concrete

  4. Efficiency • Efficiency, as a percentage, is worked out by: • The more efficient the object is the less energy is wasted or dissipated in an wasteful way • Be able to interpret energy flow diagrams

  5. Background Radiation The dose of radiation is measured in sieverts Sv, or millisieverts mSv.

  6. Damaged – but repairs itself Radiation passes straight through What happens when radiation hits a cell? If it hits a sex cell it could cause a mutation by changing a gene It is killed The DNA is damaged and the cell develops out of control – a cancer has begun

  7. Primary Energy Source: A source of energy not made from any other sort of energy source e.g. fossil fuels and uranium Secondary Energy Source: A source of energy that can be distributed easily but has been manufactured using a primary energy source e.g. electricity Energy Resources

  8. Fossil Fuel Power Station Be able to label a diagram like this

  9. Nuclear Power Station Know the differences between these 2 diagrams

  10. Fission Neutron

  11. Chain Reaction Uncontrolled – causes a nuclear bomb Controlled – used in a power station

  12. Half Life The half life of a radioactive substance is the amount of time it takes for the activity (amount of radiation that is given out) to fall to half the previous value.

  13. 3 Types of Waste Low Level • e.g. protective clothing and medical equipment • Packed in drums and put in a special landfill site Intermediate Level • Less dangerous that high level waste High Level • E.g. spent/old fuel rods • This gets hot as it is so radioactive, it’s kept in a pool of water to absorb the heat

  14. Health and Radioactive Materials • Some questions will expect you to understand and / or discuss: • ALARA • Risks and Benefit • Precautionary Principle • Perceived risk and Actual risk

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