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Smoothing Factors for Renewable Energy Applications: Understanding Variability and Storage Solutions

This document discusses the need for smoothing factors in renewable energy (RE) applications, focusing on their limitations, the variability of RE generation from sources like wind and solar, and the impact of geography and weather. It illustrates the importance of geographic dispersion and energy storage solutions such as batteries and hydrogen to optimize power generation and reliability. Examples, figures, and comparative data from various regions, including Ojibway, MI, and the UK, demonstrate the intricacies of integrating renewable energy into existing systems effectively.

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Smoothing Factors for Renewable Energy Applications: Understanding Variability and Storage Solutions

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  1. Smoothing Factors for RE applications in DG David Meyer EE5250 4/18/2006

  2. RE for DG • Limitations to conventional units • Sound • Space • Emissions • Environmental Responsibility

  3. Background • RE generation variability • Defined • Geography • Weather • Need for Smoothing Factors • Example Systems

  4. Variability of RE Sources Table 1. Variability of RE generation systems [5]

  5. Defined - Wind Figure 1, 2, 3 Wind Data for Ojibway MI (Isle Royale)

  6. Defined – Solar Figure 4. Hourly Average Solar Energy for Ojibway [1]

  7. Geographic Factors • Placement of RE • Max output dependant weather factors • Dispersion

  8. Geographic Wind Figure 5. Wind Energy of the US [2]

  9. Geographic Solar Figure 6. Solar Energy of the US [2]

  10. Solar Example • Latitude – hours of sun per day • Weather Ojibway, Michigan El Paso, Texas Keys, Florida Figure 7, 8, 9 Average Monthly Solar Radiation (kW –hr/ m^2)

  11. Weather Factors Figure 10. Regional Wind Speed Map [3] Figure 11. Regional Infrared Map [3]

  12. Example Figure 12. Smoothing Effects of Geographical Dispersion [5]

  13. Denmark Data Figure 13. Smoothing Effects of Geographical Dispersion (actual data) [5]

  14. UK example Figure 14. Hours of Low Wind Speed for UK [6]

  15. Load Effect with Solar Figure 15. Solar Power vs. System Load [1]

  16. Combining RE Sources Figure 16. Wind and Sun data for Ojibway, MI [1]

  17. Energy Storage • Concept • Utilization • Specifications

  18. Comparisons Figure 17. Comparisons of Electricity Storage Devices [5]

  19. Use Location Water Pumping Figures 18 – 20 . Water-pumping reservoirs installed in the UK [7]

  20. Battery Storage Figure 21. Vehicle to Grid Power Schematic [8]

  21. Hydrogen Storage • Limitations • Cost • Space • Implementation • V to G • Home Units

  22. RE DG with Conventional Generation • Nuclear • Coal • Nat. Gas • CHP • Hydro

  23. Example Systems • Denmark • High wind penetration • Low geographic dispersion • System Interties • UK • Planning for high wind penetration • Good Geographic dispersion • Pumped storage capabilities

  24. Expanding RE penetration – The Larger Picture • Increasing the penetration of DG • Maximizing Site Placement • Geographic Dispersion • Major System Upgrades • Transfer of energy • Increased reliability

  25. References [1] Graphs Created with data gathered from weather sites [2] National Renewable Energy Laboratory www.nrel.gov, Solar and Wind Maps [3] The Weather Channel www.weather.com , Wind and Infrared Maps of US [4] “The Most Frequently Asked Questions About Wind Energy” American Wind Energy Association [5] “Variability of Wind Power and Other Renewables – Management Options and Strategies” International Energy Agency [6] “Wind Power and the UK Wind Resource” – Environmental Change Institute [7] First Hydro www.fhc.co.uk , Image Gallery [8] “Vehicle-to-Grid Power Fundamentals: Calculating Capacity and Net Revenue” Willett Kempton, Jana Tomic Journal of Power Sources 144 (2005) 268-279

  26. Questions? Thank You

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