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A detailed glossary compiling medical terminology related to obstetrics, gynecology, and genetic counseling. Covering topics such as female reproductive system functions, menstrual cycle, anatomy, reproductive system problems, procedures, infertility, fertility restoration, assisted reproductive technologies, fertilization, pregnancy milestones, complications, and genetic counseling with prenatal testing. Includes keywords and summaries for easy reference.
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Compiling a Medical Interpreter's Glossary: Obstetrics, Gynecology and Genetic Counseling UMTIA Elma Johnson 4/14/2012
Female Reproductive System Functions • To produce the ovum or egg cell necessary for reproduction, • To hold the pregnancy after conception, • To menstruate if the conception does not take place, • To produce female sex hormones required for reproduction, • Lactating breasts provide nutrition. Parts: hypothalamus, pituitary gland and genitalia Menstrual Cycle • Definition & hormones (FSH,LH, estrogen and progesterone) • Irregularities (PCOS, fibroids, endometriosis, PID, extreme weight changes, pregnancy, premature ovarian failure, breastfeeding)
Female Reproductive AnatomyExternal Female Genitalia: Vulva note: Bartholin glands not represented
Reproductive system problems • Cancer (breast, uterine, endometrial, ovarian) • Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas, heavy periods and irregular bleeding) • Ovarian cysts and PCOS-polycystic ovary syndrome • Uterine prolapse • Vaginitis (bacterial vaginosis, yeast infection, vaginal atrophy…) • Sexually Transmitted Infections (Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, trichomonas, HPV) • HPV and genital warts • HSV and genital herpes • PID-pelvic inflammatory disease • POF-Premature ovarian failure • Endometriosis • Infertility
Reproductive System Procedures • Papanicolaou Test • Colposcopy (cervix and vagina) • Hysteroscopy (cervix and uterus) • Pelvic Laparoscopy • Dilation and Curettage (D&C) • Endometrial ablation • Hysterectomy • Hysterosalpingography • LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) • Cervical cerclage
Infertility (1) • Definition • Statistics: 10% to 15% of couple in the US • Causes of female infertility • Damage or blockage of fallopian tubes • Endometriosis • Cervical narrowing or blockage: cervical stenosis • Uterine causes • Ovulation disorders (POF, PCOS, lutealfase defect, abnormal FSH and LH secretion) • Other unknown causes
Infertility (2) Testing • Basal Body Temperature • Ovulation testing (progesterone or LH) • Ovarian reserve testing (FSH and clomiphene citrate challenge test) • HSG (hysterosalpingography) • Laparoscopy • Hormone blood testing
Restoring fertility (1) Medicines • Ovulation stimulating medicine (FSH and LH) through pituitary gland: Clomid (Clomiphene citrate) • Gonadotropins stimulate egg development in the ovaries • Possible complications: multiple pregnancy or OHSS • Other: Metformin, Femara (Letrozole) Surgery Remove growths, fibroids, scar tissue or treat endometriosis, tubal restoration after ligation Reproductive Assistance Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) - ICSI and IVF Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
Restoring fertility (2) Reproductive Assistance • Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) : ICSI • In-Vitro Fertilization (ICSI-intracytoplasmic sperm injection) • Intrafallopian transfer when condition of cervix are present • GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer) • ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer) • Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
Fertilization and Pregnancy Pregnancy path: ovary releases egg-fertilization usually in falopian tube-implantation of embrio in endometrium). Pregnancy dating: 40 weeks, first day of last menstrual period or US Testing during pregnancy
Pregnancy milestones week by week… • 0-10 • Pregnancy dating: LMP or Ultrasound • Office visit: new OB screening, labs, pap test, gonorrhea and chlamydia, physical exam, family history, prenatal vitamins, depression screening • 10-14 • 1st Trimester Screening: US+1st blood test • CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling)
Pregnancy milestones week by week… (Cont.) • 15-20 • Quad screen • 2nd Trimester Screening (2nd blood test) • Amniocentesis • Chordocentesis (Fetal blood sampling) • 17-20 • Anatomy ultrasound • 25-28 • Gestational diabetes screening • Anemia • Tubal ligation discussion • Depression screening
Pregnancy milestones week by week… (Cont.) • 35 • GBS (Group B strep) • Gonorrhea and Chlamydia • 37 or less: pre-term labor • 40vaginal delivery or C-section • 40+ • Non-stress test (NST) • US to measure amniotic fluid
Complications during pregnancy • Anemia (PNV and iron) • Pregnancy or postpartum depression • Ectopic pregnancy • Molar pregnancy • Fetal problems (decreased movement, size, chromosomes) • Gestational diabetes • High blood pressure (after 20th week) • Morning sickness and “hyperemesis gravidarum”(dehydration, hospitalization) • Miscarriage and stillbirth • Placenta previa (C-section in pre-term labor) • Placental abruption (after 20th week) • Preeclampsia (HBP and kidney problems) • Preterm labor (before wk 37, medicines, bed rest),…
Genetic Counseling andprenatal testing • Reasons for testing: • Routine screening (2007, ACOG) • Advanced maternal age • Family history • Requested by patient • Previous children with birth defects • Multiple miscarriages or stillbirths,…
Prenatal testing for birth defects • Carrier testing • Screening tests • Diagnostic tests • Amniocentesis • CVS • Fetal blood sampling
Screening tests • First Trimester Screening • Second Trimester Screening • Integrated Screen • Quad Screen (Alpha-fetoprotein, Estriol, Human chorionic gonadotropin + Inhibin A)
Diagnostic Tests • Amniocentesis • CVS • Fetal blood sampling or chordocentesis
The role of the Genetic Counselor • Family history • Screening and Testing • Outcome and results • What does the patient want from this?
Resources • www.mayoclinic.com • www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001191.htm • www.nsgc.org
