1. Chapter 7:4Skeletal System Diversified Health Occupations, 7th edition

2. Skeletal System • Made of organs called bones • Adult human has 206 bones • Functions: Bones act as a system to perform the following functions - • Framework: to support muscles, fat, and skin • Protection: surround vital organs and other internal structures • Examples: Skull surrounds brain, Ribs surround heart and lungs

3. Functions of bones • Levers: • Muscles attach to bones to provide movement • Production of blood cells: • Help produce red and white blood cells and platelets • Process is called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis • Storage: • Supply most of the calcium in the body • Also stores phosphorus and fats

5. Bones • Exist in a variety of shapes and sizes • Long • Short • Flat • Irregular • Sesamoid • Depends on the locations and function within the body • Example – bones of the extremities are called “long bones”; bones in the skull are “flat bones”

6. Parts of the Long Bones • Diaphysis – long part of the bone • Epiphysis – ends of the bone • Medullary canal – canal in diaphysis that stores bone marrow • Endosteum –membrane that lines the medullary canal (continues)

7. Long Bones (continued) • Periosteum- membrane that covers outside of bone • Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and osteoblasts (specialized cells that form new bone tissue) • Necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition • Articular cartilage • Thin layer covers the epiphysis • Acts as shock absorber when two bones meet to form a joint

8. Long Bones • Yellow marrow – in medullary canal • Mainly storage of fat cells • Contains cells that form leukocytes (white blood cells) • Red marrow – found in certain bones • Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, proximal ends of the humerus and femur • Produces red blood cells, platelets and some white blood cells • Used in diagnoses of blood diseases • Transplanted in people with defective immune systems

10. Axial Skeleton • In main trunk of body • Skull • Spinal column • Ribs • Sternum (breastbone)

11. Appendicular Skeleton • Extremities • Shoulder girdle • Arm bones • Pelvic girdle • Leg bones

12. Skull • Composed of Cranialand Facialbones • Sutures – area where cranial bones are joined • Sinuses – air spaces in bones of the skull • Act as resonating chambers • Provides a lighter weight to the skull • Foramina • Openings in bone that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter and leave the bone

13. Cranial Bones • Eight bones of skull that surround and protect the brain • Frontal • Parietal (2) • Temporal (2) • Occipital • Ethmoid • Sphenoid

14. Facial Bones • 14 bones of skull that form facial features • Mandible—lower jaw • Maxilla (2)—upper jaw • Zygomatic (2)—cheek • Nasal (5)—upper part of nose • Lacrimal (2)—inner aspect of eye • Palatine (2)—hard palate (roof of mouth)

16. Vertebrae • Protects the spinal cord • Supports head and trunk • Spinal column—26 bones • Cervical (7)—neck, C1=atlas and C2=axis • Thoracic (12)—chest, attach to ribs • Lumbar (5)—at waist • Sacrum (1)—back of pelvic girdle • Coccyx (1)—tailbone

17. First 2 cervical vertebra

19. Intervertebral Disks • Pads of cartilage separating vertebrae • Act as shock absorbers • Permit bending and twisting movements

20. Ribs (costae) • 12 pairs of long slender bones • Attach to thoracic vertebrae • True ribs—first 7 pairs; attach to sternum • False ribs—last 5 pairs; do not attach to sternum

21. Sternum • Breastbone • Consists of 3 parts • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid Process • Two clavicles attach • Ribs attach with cartilage

23. Shoulder or Pectoral Girdle • 2 clavicles (collarbones) • 2 scapula (shoulder bones) • Upper arm bones attach to scapula

24. Bones of the Arm • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges

25. Bones of Pelvic Girdle • Consists of 2 oscoxae(hip bones) – each one is made of 3 fused sections: • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis

26. Pelvic Girdle • Symphysis pubis (joint between pubic bones) • Acetabulum (socket for attachment of head of femur) • Obturator foramen (opening for passage of nerves and blood vessels to and from the legs)

27. Bones of the Legs • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges

28. Joints • Where two or more bones join • Ligaments – bands of connective tissue that hold bones together at the joints • Three types of joints • Diarthrosis or synovial –freely movable • Amphiarthrosis –slightly movable • Synarthrosis - immovable

29. Diarthrosis: • Ball and socket • Hinge • Amphiarthrosis: • Attachment of ribs to thoracic vertebrae • Symphysis pubis -joint between 2 pelvic bones • Synarthrosis: • Suture joints of cranium

30. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • Arthritis – a group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints.

31. Two types of arthritis • Osteoarthritis– chronic, more common form usually occurs as a result of aging • Rheumatoid arthritis – chronic inflammatory disease that affects the connective tissue and joints, more common in women, onset occurs between the ages of 35 -45. Causes scar formation, atrophy of bone and muscle, results in permanent deformity and immobility

32. No cure • Remedies used to relieve the symptoms: • Rest, • Applications of heat and cold, • Anti-inflammatory medications, • Injection of steroids into the joints, • Special exercises • Surgery, or arthroplasty, is used to repair or replace damaged joints

33. Bursitis – inflammation of the bursae, which are small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints. Treatment includes pain meds, aspiration of fluid and injection of steroids and anesthetics into the joint. Rest and physical therapy preserve joint motion.

34. Dislocation- occurs when a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint. Once it is reduced (bone replaced in the joint), the joint is immobilized with a splint, cast, or traction.

35. Sprain – torn ligaments at a joint • Treatment includes rest, elevation, ice and compression • Osteomyelitis– bone inflammation caused by a pathogenic organism • Causes abscess within bone and accumulation of pus in medullary canal • Antibiotics given to treat infection

36. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions(continued) • Osteoporosis • Increased porosity , or softening of bones • Caused by hormone deficiency , prolonged lack of calcium in the diet, sedentary lifestyle

37. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions(continued) • Ruptured disk • Or “Herniated” or “slipped disk” • Symptoms • Severe pain, muscle spasm, impaired movement, and/or numbness • Treatment • Analgesics, anti-inflammatory and muscle relaxant meds • Rest, traction, PT, heat or cold applications • Surgery (laminectomy)

38. Diseases & Abnormal Conditions • Abnormal curvature of spine • Kyphosis – abnormal bowing of the spine at the thoracic area (“hunchback”) • Scoliosis – lateral curvature of the back • Lordosis – abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar region (“swayback”)

39. Fractures • A crack or break in a bone • Types of fractures include: • Greenstick • Simple or closed • Compound or open • Impacted • Comminuted • Transverse, Oblique • Spiral • Depressed • Compression • Colles

40. Types of Fractures

41. Fractures

42. Fractures

43. Signs/Symptoms of a Fracture • Swelling &/or redness at area of injury • Deformity • Shortened limb, or improper angulation • Crepitus • Loss of sensation and/or pulse distal to injury

44. Initial Treatment of Long-Bone Fracture • Call 911 • Protect any open wound from possible infection • Stabilize and immobilize the injury • Wait for help

45. Splinting

46. Buddy Splint

47. Always splint the joint above and below the fracture.

48. You can splint with whatever supplies are available.

49. Leg Fracture Splint

50. Treatment Procedures • Fractures • Manipulation • Traction • Immobilization • External Fixation • Internal Fixation