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SPEECH ACTS & EVENTS

pragmatics. SPEECH ACTS & EVENTS. SPEECH ACTS. Speech acts: Actions performed via utterances. Locutionary acts Illocutionary acts Perlocutionary acts. Locutionary acts. Performed via producing a meaning linguistic expression. Illocutionary acts.

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SPEECH ACTS & EVENTS

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  1. pragmatics SPEECH ACTS & EVENTS

  2. SPEECH ACTS

  3. Speech acts: Actions performed via utterances • Locutionary acts • Illocutionary acts • Perlocutionary acts

  4. Locutionary acts • Performed via producing a meaning linguistic expression

  5. Illocutionary acts • Performed via the communicative force of an utterance

  6. Perlocutionary acts • Performed via the effect of the utterance on the hearer.

  7. Problem • The same utterance can potentially have quite different illocutionary acts • How can speakers assume that the intended illocutionary act will be recognized by the hearer?

  8. Solution • Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID) • Felicity conditions

  9. Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID) • Performative verbs • Used in a simple positive present tense sentence • 1st person singular subject • I promise… • I sentence you… • I apologize…

  10. Test of performative verbs • I hereby V … • I _______ name the ship ‘Elizabeth’. • I _______ warn you not to sleep in class. • I _______ believe that there’s no Santa Claus.

  11. Felicity conditions • The appropriate circumstances for the performance of a speech act to be recognized.

  12. Felicity conditions “I promise to see you tomorrow’. • General conditions • The utterance is understood. • Content conditions • The content of the utterance is about a future event and the speaker is committed to the act. • Preparatory conditions • The event does not happen by itself. • The event will have a beneficial effect. • Sincerity conditions • The speaker does have a genuine intention to carry out the future act. • Essential conditions • The utterance changes the speaker’s state from non-obligation to obligation

  13. The performative hypothesis • To assume that every utterance (U) underlies a clause that contains a performative verb, which make the illocutionary forces explicit. • I (hereby) Vperformative you (that) U • Open the door. • Implicit/primary performatives • I hereby order you that you open the door. • Explicit performatives

  14. Speech act classification • Declarations • Representatives • Expressives • Directives • Commissives

  15. Declarations • The speech acts that change the state of the world via utterances. • I now pronounce you husband and wife • We find the defendant guilty.

  16. Representatives • The speech acts that states what the speaker believes to be the case or not. • Statements of fact, assertions, conclusions, and descriptions • The world is flat. • It is a sunny day.

  17. Expressives • The speech acts that state what the speaker feels. • Psychological stats (pleasure, pain, likes, joy, sorrow…) • I am sorry. • Congratulations.

  18. Directives • The speech acts used by the speaker to get someone else to do something. • Commands, orders, requests, suggestions. • Go away!

  19. Commissives • The speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future actions • Promises, threats, refusals, pledges. • I can’t do that.

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