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CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Sector Version 2, April 2012. Consultative Group of Experts (CGE). Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Target Audience and Objective of the Training Materials.

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CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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  1. CGE Training MaterialsNational Greenhouse Gas Inventories Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Sector Version 2, April 2012 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  2. Target Audience and Objective of the Training Materials • These training materials are suitable for people with beginner to intermediate level knowledge of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory development. • After having read this Presentation, in combination with the related documentation, the reader should: • Have an overview of how emissions inventories are developed for the land use, land-use change and forestry sector; • Have a general understanding of the methods available, as well as of the main challenges of GHG inventory development in that particular area; • Be able to determine which methods suits their country’s situation best; • Know where to find more detailed information on the topic discussed. • These training materials have been developed primarily on the basis ofmethodologies developed by the IPCC; hence the reader is always encouraged to refer to the original documents to obtain further detailed information on a particular issue. 2 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  3. Acronyms • AD Activity Data • AGR Annual Growth Rate • EF Emission Factor • EFDB IPCC Emission Factor Database • GPG Good Practice Guidance • LUCF Land-Use Change and Forestry • LULUCF Land Use, land-Use Change and Forestry • RF Removal Factor 3 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  4. Outline of Course – Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) • Introduction (slide 5) • Definitions (slide 6) • Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (slide 10) • IPCC good practice guidance for LULUCF (GPG 2003) (slide 36) 4 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  5. This presentation aims to assist non-Annex I (NAI) Party experts in preparing GHG inventories in the LULUCF sector using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the IPCC good practice guidance for LULUCF (GPG 2003), particularly in the context of UNFCCC decision 17/CP.8, focusing on: The need to shift to GPG 2003 and higher tiers/methods to reduce uncertainty Overview of the tools and methods Review of activity data (AD) and emission factors (EF) and options to reduce uncertainty Use of UNFCCC inventory software and IPCC emission factor database (EFDB). Introduction 5 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  6. LUCF (Land-Use Change and Forestry) – Land use is the type of activity being carried out on a unit of land, such as forest land, cropland and grassland. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines refer to sources and sinks associated with GHG emissions/removals from human activities, which: Change the way land is used (e.g., clearing of forest for agriculture, conversion of grassland to forest) Affect the amount of biomass in existing biomass stocks (e.g., forest, village trees, savanna) and soil carbon stocks. LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) – This includes GHG emissions/removals resulting from managed land (involving no change in use, such as forest remaining forest land) and land-use changes (involving changes in land-use, such as grassland converted to forest land or forest land converted to cropland). Definition of Key Terms 6 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  7. Source – Any process or activity that releases a GHG (such as CO2 and CH4) into the atmosphere. A carbon pool can be a source of carbon to the atmosphere if less carbon is flowing into it than is flowing out of it. Sink – Any process, activity or mechanism that removes a GHG from the atmosphere. A given pool can be a sink for atmospheric carbon if during a given time interval more carbon is flowing into it than is flowing out of it. Definitions (cont.) 7 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  8. Activity data – Data on the magnitude of human activity, resulting in emissions/removals taking place during a given period of time (e.g., data on land area, management systems, lime and fertilizer use). Emission factor – A coefficient that relates the activity data to the amount of chemical compound, which is the source of later emissions. Emission/removal factors are often based on a sample of measurement data, averaged to develop a representative rate of emission or removal for a given activity level under a given set of operating conditions. Removal factor– Rate at which carbon is taken up from the atmosphere by a terrestrial system and sequestered in biomass and soil. Definitions (cont.) 8 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  9. Contribution and Role of LUCF Sector to NAI GHG Emissions: 3 examples Argentina, Indonesia and Zimbabwe for 1994 LUCF sector has a significant impact on national net CO2 equivalent emissions in most developing countries, being sink or source LUCF sector is a net sink for Argentina and Zimbabwe Net source for Indonesia, which experienced forest land conversion of over one Mha Inclusion of LUCF sector in the inventory had the following impact on GHG emissions: Argentina: Emissions of 119 Tg CO2 when LUCF excluded, but 84 TgCO2 when LUCF included Indonesia: Emissions of 189 Tg CO2 when LUCF excluded, but 344 Tg CO2 when LUCF included. Zimbabwe: Source of 17 Tg CO2 when LUCF excluded, but a net sink of 45 TgCO2 when LUCF included. 9 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  10. The flux of CO2 to/from atmosphere is assumed to be equal to changes in carbon stocks in existing biomass and soils Changes in carbon stocks can be estimated by establishing rates of change in land use and practices that bring about change in land use Estimating carbon stocks in land-use categories: That are not subjected to change That are changed. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Basic assumptions 10 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  11. Four Default Categories in Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 5A. Changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks due to: Commercial management Harvest of industrial roundwood (logs) and fuelwood Establishment and operation of forest plantations Planting of trees in urban, village and non-forest locations. 5B. Forest and grassland conversion: The conversion of forests and grassland to pasture, cropland etc, can significantly change carbon stocks in vegetation and soil. 5C. Abandonment of cropland, pasture, plantation forests, or other managed lands 5D. CO2 emissions and removals from soils: Cultivation of mineral soils Cultivation of organic soils Liming of agricultural soils. 11 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  12. Reporting of GHG Inventory in the LUCF Sector – Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 12 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  13. Basic Steps in Preparing Inventory Using Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Step 0:The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines do not provide a key category analysis approach. Inventory experts are encouraged to conduct it using GPG 2003. Step 1:Select the land-use categories (forest/plantations), vegetation types subjected to conversion (forest and grassland), changes in land-use/management systems (for soil carbon inventory). Step 2:Assemble the required AD, depending on tier selected, from local, provincial, national and global databases, including EFDB. 13 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  14. Step 3: Collect EF/RF, depending on tier level selected, from local/regional/national/global databases, including EFDB. Step 4:Estimate GHG emissions and removals. Step 5: Estimate uncertainty involved. Step 6:Report GHG emissions/removals. Step 7:Report all procedures, equations and sources of data used for GHG inventory estimation. Basic Steps in Preparing Inventory Using Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (cont.) 14 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  15. Step 1:Estimate total biomass carbon uptake by using area under different plantations/forests (AD) and annual biomass growth rate (removal factor). Step 2:Estimate total biomass consumption by adding commercial harvest, fuelwood consumption and other wood use. Step 3:Estimate the net carbon uptake or release by deducting the consumption or loss from total biomass carbon uptake. Category 5A. Steps 15 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  16. Sources of AD 16 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  17. The key emission/removal factors include: annual biomass growth rate, carbon fraction of dry matter, biomass expansion ratio. Biomass Expansion Ratios (BERs) as given in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines are required to convert commercial roundwood harvested biomass (in m3) to total above-ground biomass (in tonnes). Similarly, AGB/BGB ratio is required to estimate BGB using data on AGB and the conversion ratio, according to GPG 2003. Emission/Removal Factors 17 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  18. Sources of EF/RF 18 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  19. Assessment of Emission Factors and Strategy for Improvement To reduce uncertainty, it is desirable to use nationally derived AD and EF at as disaggregated level as possible. Example: Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of biomass is mean annual above-ground biomass growth rate expressed in t/ha/year. AGR varies with: Forest or vegetation or plantation types (e.g. evergreen/deciduous/eucalyptus) Climatic region based on latitude and rainfall (e.g. humid, sub-humid, semi-arid, arid) Age of the forest or plantation stand Management system or silvicultural practice (e.g. thinning, fertilizer application, fire management). 19 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  20. Short-term Strategy for Improving AGR Values Disaggregate the land use, forest or vegetation types occurring in the country at as fine a level as possible along the following lines or using other more nationally relevant stratification: Different forest types/vegetation types/plantations Latitude: tropical, temperate, boreal Rainfall zone (mm/yr): humid (>2000), semiarid (500–1000), arid (<500) Age of the stand: 0–5 yr, 5 to 10 yr, 10–20 yr, > 20yr Management system: naturally regenerated or planted Other category. Allocate area of different forest types/plantations in the country, using forest map, rainfall zone map, soil map and other statistical information. 20 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  21. Illustration of UNFCCC Inventory Software – Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Total carbon uptake increment (in kt C) = Area of forest/plantation category (in kha) * Annual growth rate (in t dm/ha) * Carbon fraction of dry matter From UNFCCC Software Sheet 5-1s1 21 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  22. Category 5B. Forest and Grassland Conversion Worksheet 5.2 22 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  23. Category 5B. Steps Step 1:Estimate annual loss of biomass due to conversion. Step 2:Estimate quantity of carbon released from fraction of biomass burned on-site. Step 3:Estimate quantity of carbon released from fraction of biomass burned off-site. Step 4:Estimate carbon released from decay of above-ground biomass. Step 5: Estimate total annual CO2 release from burning and decay of biomass, resulting from forest and grassland conversion. 23 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  24. Issues in Estimating CO2 Emissions from Biomass – Forest and Grassland Conversion Lack of compatibility between Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines vegetation types and national circumstances or classification Absence of forest and grassland conversion data for the inventory year as well as the 10-year average Lack of methods for savanna/grassland burning Lack of disaggregated activity data on biomass stock before and after conversion Lack of clarity on fraction of biomass burnt on-site, off-site and left to decay Biomass burned for energy is reported in the energy sector. 24 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  25. Sources of AD 25 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  26. Sources of EF 26 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  27. Category 5C. Abandonment of Managed Lands Worksheet 5-4 27 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  28. Category 5C. Steps Estimation Procedure Step 1: Estimate the annual carbon uptake in above-ground biomass, using the area abandoned (during the previous 20 years) and annual biomass growth. Step 2: Estimate the total carbon uptake from area abandoned (during 20–100 years)and annual growth rate. Step 3: Estimate the total carbon uptake from abandoned land (Step 1 + Step 2). 28 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  29. Issues in Estimating CO2 Uptake from Abandonment of Managed Lands Lack of compatibility between vegetation types given in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and national classification for abandoned land Lack of methods to identify managed land abandoned and regenerating: according to different vegetation types for the past 20 years and 20–100 years Absence of annual data for aboveground biomass growth for abandoned land: according to different vegetation types for the past 20 years and 20–100 years. 29 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  30. Category 5D. CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soils Worksheet 5-5 30 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  31. Category 5D. Steps Step 1: Changes in soil carbon for mineral soils. Step 2: Carbon emissions from intensively managed organic soils. Step 3: Carbon emissions from liming of agricultural soils. 31 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  32. Methodological and Data Related Issues on Soil Carbon Absence of linkage between biomass carbon and soil carbon for different land categories or vegetation types Ambiguity in classification of land-use/management systems, and soil types Absence of activity data on land area under different conditions: land-use/management systems soil type for periods t (inventory year), and t–20 intensively managed organic soils Absence of emission factors such as soil carbon in mineral soils and annual loss rate of carbon in managed organic soils. 32 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  33. Sources of AD 33 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  34. Sources of Emission/Removal Factors 34 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  35. Summary of Methodological Issues/Problems in GHG Inventory Using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Compatibility of Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines land categories to national classification High uncertainty of inventory, AD and EF Lack of disaggregated data, particularly on vegetation types Lack of clarity for reporting estimates of emissions/removals in managed natural forest Lack of consistency in estimating/reporting total biomass or only above-ground biomass Lack of methods for below-ground biomass and for incorporating non-forest areas, such as coffee, tea, coconut, cashew nut Difficulty in differentiating managed (anthropogenically impacted) and natural forests Ambiguity in terminology, e.g. forest, afforestation, reforestation, managed forest Complexity of the methodology. 35 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  36. GPG 2003 LULUCF Land-Use Categories and Methods 36 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  37. Mapping/Linkage Between the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and GPG2003 GPG 2003 is based on a land-use category approach, and provides a procedure to link inventory estimates of GPG 2003 to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, based on Categories 5A to 5D. However, the inventory estimates obtained using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines could be different from the estimates obtained using GPG 2003 due to the following reasons: Inclusion of additional land categories, e.g. agro-forestry, coconut, coffee, tea Inclusion of additional carbon pools; belowground biomass, dead organic matter, etc. Estimation of biomass increment and losses in each land category, sub-category Linking of biomass and soil carbon for each land category Use of improved default values. 37 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  38. Reporting of GHG Inventory in the LULUCF Sector – GPG2003 38 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  39. GPG2003 adopted two major advances over the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The first is: Three hierarchical tiers of methods: T1: use of default data and simple equations T2: use of country-specific data and T3: models to accommodate national circumstances. GPG2003 - Major Advancements: 1 39 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  40. Rationale for Adopting GPG2003 40 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  41. Combination of Tiers NAI experts can adopt multiple tiers in the GHG inventory for LULUCF sector: For different land-use categories Within a given land-use category for different carbon pools Within a carbon pool, for activity data and emission factor. Adopt higher tiers for key categories and wherever possible use country-specific, climatic region-specific emission/removal factors 41 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  42. GPG 2003 - Major Advancements: 2 2. Land-use-category-based approach for organizing methodologies: Six land-use categories to ensure consistent representation, covering all geographic areas of a country Forest land, cropland, grassland, wetland, settlements and other lands Each land-use category is further disaggregated to reflect the past and the current land use: Forest land remaining forest land Lands converted to forest land. 42 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  43. In addition GPG 2003 includes Key Source/Sink Category Analysis GPG 2003 assists Parties in identifyingthe key: Land categories (e.g. forest land, cropland, etc.) Gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) Carbon pools (living biomass, dead organic matter and soil organic carbon). The decision trees given in GPG 2003 could be adopted: Decision trees at two levels of disaggregation: Land remaining in the same land-use category (e.g. forest land remaining forest land) Land converted to another land-use category (e.g. grassland converted to forest). 43 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  44. 44 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  45. Forest land: all land with woody vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define forest land in the national GHG inventory, sub-divided into managed and unmanaged, and also by ecosystem type as specified in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Also includes systems with vegetation that fall below, but are expected to exceed, the threshold of the forest land category. Cropland: land that is not forest land or grassland. (Arable and tillage land, and agro-forestry systems where woody vegetation falls below the thresholds used for the forest land). Definitions of Land-Use Categories in GPG 2003 45 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  46. Definitions (cont.) Grassland: rangelands and pasture land that is not forest land or cropland. (Pasture lands with woody vegetation below the threshold used in the forest land category and not expected to exceed it without human intervention are included). Settlements: all developed land, including transportation infrastructure and human settlements of any size, unless they are already included under other categories. This should be consistent with the selection of national definitions. 46 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  47. Definitions (cont.) Wetland: land covered or saturated by water for all or part of the year and that does not fall into the forest land, cropland, grassland or settlements categories. Other lands:includes bare soil, rock, ice, and all unmanaged land areas that do not fall into any of the other five categories. It allows the total of identified land areas to match the national area, where data are available. 47 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  48. Important… Classify land under only one category to prevent double counting. It is good practice to combine or disaggregate the existing land classes of a land-use classification in order to use the categories presented here, and to report on the procedure adopted. It is good practice to specify national definitions for all categories used in the inventory and report any threshold or parameter values used in the definitions. 48 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  49. Other Categories Harvested wood products (HWP), wetlands and other sources/sinks Default assumption of Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines is that: HWP pool is constant. So carbon removed in wood and other biomass from forests is oxidized in the year of harvest Countries may report on HWP pools, if they can document that existing stocks of forest products are in fact increasing GPG2003-Appendix provides guidance on methodological issues for accounting emissions and removals from HWP. 49 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  50. Land Representation is Key: 3 Approaches in GPG 2003 Approach 1: 50 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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