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CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories . Agriculture Sector Version 2, April 2012. Target Audience and Objective from Training Materials.

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CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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  1. CGE Training MaterialsNational Greenhouse Gas Inventories Agriculture Sector Version 2, April 2012 Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

  2. Target Audience and Objective from Training Materials • These training materials are suitable for people with beginner to intermediate level knowledge of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory development. • After having read this Presentation, in combination with the related documentation, the reader should: • Have an overview of how emissions inventories are developed for the agriculture sector; • Have a general understanding of the UNFCCC and IPCC guidelines; • Be able to determine which methods suits their country’s situation best; • Know where to find more detailed information on the topic discussed. • These training materials have been developed primarily on the basis ofmethodologies developed by the IPCC; hence the reader is always encouraged to refer to the original documents to obtain further detailed information on a particular issue. Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  3. Acronyms • AD Activity Data • AFI Annual Feed Intake • AI, NAI Parties Annex I, non-Annex I Parties • AWMS Animal Waste Management System • AMMS Animal Manure Management System • Bo Methane producing potential • C, NA, NE, NO, IE Confidential, Not Applicable, Not Estimated, Not Occurring, • Included Elsewhere • CS Country-specific • EF Emission Factor • EFDB IPCC Emission Factor Data Base • GE Gross Energy • GHG Greenhouse Gas(es) • IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change • MCF Methane Conversion Factor • NIR National Inventory Report • NK Notation keys • QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control • SC Scaling factors • VS Volatile Solids Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  4. Outline of course – Agriculture Sector • Glossary (slide 3) • Supporting materials (slide 4) • Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (slide 5) • IPCC good practice guidance (slide 18) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 1.4 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  5. Supporting Materials • Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventorieshttp://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.html • IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories (2000)http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/english/ • IPCC Emission factor database (EFDB)http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php • UNFCCC software http://unfccc.int/resource/cd_roms/na1/ghg_inventories/index.htm • Colorado State University ALU softwarehttp://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/ALUsoftware/ Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  6. Scope: anthropogenic emissions from agricultural sources occurring within the national territories: Only non-CO2 gas emissions (CH4, N2O) CO2 emissions occur but in an annual balance with removals from the atmosphere (photosynthesis) No method provided to estimate GHG sequestration Data Quality and Time Frame: relatively poor quality data (compared with energy sector), high annual fluctuation; thus, it is advisable to use three-year average annual figures (NB: use of a three-year average is not suggested in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines). Default Method: provision of default methodologies, assumptions, emission factors and data (tier 1) but national assumptions, data and emission factors must be preferred. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories: Agriculture Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  7. Enteric Fermentation (4A): CH4 emissions from domesticated animals (ruminants and non-ruminants) Data organized by animal species (subcategories) Tier 1: Emissioncategory = Sum (N° of animalssubcategoryi * EFsubcategoryi) Tier 2 (Mature Dairy Cattle, Mature Non-dairy Cattle, Young Cattle): requires an enhanced livestock characterization: species disaggregated into groups of homogeneous animals estimates for AFI (used to estimate EFs for enteric fermentation and manure management). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  8. Manure Management (4B): CH4 and N2O emissions from piled manure Tier 1: Emissioncategory = Sum (N° of animalssubcategory i * EFsubcategory i) Tier 2 : requires an enhanced livestock characterization Data organized by animal species and animal manure management systems (AMMS) CH4: Tier 1 requires species population data disaggregated per climate region and default EFs Tier 2 estimates group-specific EFs based on manure characteristics (VS, Bo, MCF) (only for cattle, swine). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  9. Manure Management (4B): N2O: Tier 1 requires species population data disaggregated per climate region and AMMS, and default EFs Tier 2, not provided Tier 3: country-specific approach. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  10. Rice Cultivation (4C): CH4 emissions from flooded fields Reason: anaerobic decomposition of organic materials Only one method (Tier 1) AD: harvested area per: rice ecosystem water management organic amendments Other. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  11. Rice Cultivation (4C): Basic EF: permanent flooding, no organic amendments Scaling factor to account for cropping practices, multiple cropping, ecosystem type, water regime, organic amendments, soil type CH4 emitted = Harvested area * basic EF * scaling factors N2O emissions from paddy soils, reported under 4D. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  12. Agricultural Soils (4D): Tier 1 method for N2O emissions only No method for CH4 Tier 3: country-specific approach No method for CH4 emissions/removals, N2O removals or soil carbon capture. Three types of emissions: Direct Indirect Animal production (also, considered to be direct). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  13. Agricultural Soils (4D): Direct N2O emissions: AD (N applied as fertilizers/manure/crop residues/composts, N fixed by leguminous crops, cultivated histosols) EFs (EF1 for N inputs and EF2 for organic soil cultivation). Indirect N2O emissions: Due to N volatilization and deposition Due to N leaching and run-off Due to direct sewage discharge to rivers/estuaries/lakes/channels. Animal production direct N2O emissions: from faeces, urine and dung deposited onto the soils (mainly from grazing animals). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  14. Prescribed burning of savannas (4E): N2O, CH4 and some precursors (CO, NOx, NMVOC) emissions from savanna fires Tropical and subtropical regions holding long dry season Tier 1, provided Some default ADs, provided but national/regional values must be preferred Number of ADp, estimated by expert judgement EFs for the different gases, provided. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  15. Field burning of crop residues (4F): N2O, CH4 and precursors (CO, NOx, NMVOC) emissions Tier 1 (Tier 1b), similar to savanna burning: Emission (CO2e)= Area burned * Biomass * Kc-biomass * Oxid Factor * (EFC-CH4 * CFC-CH4 * GPWCH4 + N/C * EFN-N2O * CFN-N2O * GPWN2O) Number of ADp, to be estimated (bold) Other crop residue uses (off-site energy uses, soil application, animal forage, others), excluded. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  16. Field burning of crop residues (4F): Subcategories: Cereals (wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, maize) Pulses (peas, lentils, beans, fabas) Tubers and roots (potatoes, beets) Sugar cane Other crops (fruit trees, hort, crops, others) Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  17. GHGs to be Reported in Agriculture Sector 1 No methodavailable 2 Not considered though occurring Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  18. Enteric fermentation T1 T2 (cattle, buffalo sheep) Manure management – CH4 T1 T2 (cattle, swine) Manure management – N2O T1 Rice cultivation T1 Agricultural soils T1 Savanna burning T1 Crop residue burning T1 Summary Table: Recommended Methods Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  19. Structure: Chapter 1, Introduction Chapter 2, Energy Sector Chapter 3, Industrial Processes Sector Chapter 4, Agriculture Sector Chapter 5, Waste Sector Chapter 6, Uncertainty Chapter 7, Methodology Chapter 8, QA/QC Plus annexes and other general information IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories (2000) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  20. Keycategorydetermination (general issue) Subcategories – significance (animal species, anthropogenic N sources, crop residues) Single livestock characterization (basic for Tier 1 or enhanced for Tier 2) Use of decision trees at category level to define the most appropriate method level Mass balance and data disaggregation for multiple use items: crop residues, animal manures. Key Steps in the GHG Inventory Elaboration Process Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  21. First step when preparing a national GHG inventory. From Annex I NIRs, it is already known that key categories from agriculture are: Enteric fermentation (CH4) 97% Agricultural soils (direct N2O) 94% Agricultural soils (indirect N2O) 60% Manure management (CH4) 40% Manure management (N2O) 38% Rice cultivation, crop residues and savanna burning <10% Step 1: Key Category Determination Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  22. If no previous information, inventory compilers should assume that: Enteric fermentation and agricultural soils (direct and indirect N2O emissions) are mostly likely to be key categories Thus devoting the best efforts to them. Also, the NAI inventory team must consider that: Savanna burning must be key category for tropical/subtropical parties holding a long dry season (Brazil, Colombia, …) Rice production must be key category for Asian countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc.) Crop residue burning should never be a key category. Step 1: Key Category Determination (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  23. Second step when preparing a national GHG inventory Categories with multiple subcategories: Related to livestock (enteric fermentation, manure management, agricultural soils) Related to anthropogenic N (agricultural soils) Related to crop residues burning. More efficient and less expensive inventory elaboration. Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  24. Estimation of animal species population If no national data are available, enter data from FAOSTAT http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx Disaggregation between dairy and non-dairy cattle, following expert judgment Filling in of Table 4-1s1 of UNFCCC software spreadsheet with population data and default EFs Estimation of individual contribution to the total category emissions. Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Steps to Follow Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  25. Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Example 22% 13% 65% SIGN. 43% SIGN. 6% <1% <3% <1% <3% <1% <3% <1% <3% <1% <3% 43% SIGN. <1% Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  26. Some tips: Always regard cattle as a significant subcategory for enteric fermentation Consider swine as a significant subcategory for CH4 - manure management (if population is relevant) Produce an enhanced characterization for the significant animal species (only described for cattle, buffalo, swine and sheep) Always produce a single characterization of animal species, as follows: Basic for non-significant species Enhanced for the significant species. Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Assessment Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  27. In summary: Quick assessment (Tier 1) of significance for: Animal species for CH4 - Enteric Fermentation Animal species for CH4 - Manure Management Anthropogenic N inputs for agricultural soils. Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Determination Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  28. Livestock data, needed for several categories: Enteric fermentation, manure management, and agricultural soils. Parties with important livestock activity should produce a single characterization (enhanced/basic) of the animal species according to their contribution: Enhanced for significant species; basic for non-significant species. It is also good practice to: Include all the animal species existing in the Party Assess the contribution of each animal species to the total emissions of the individual category (enteric fermentation and/or manure management). Step 3: Single Livestock Characterization Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  29. Step 4: Decision Tree at Category Level Goats, horses, mules/asses, poultry, (sheep) Cattle, buffalo, swine, (sheep), species without tier/EF Recommended for species with enhanced charactererisation, when key source Required for species with high individual contribution, when key source Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  30. For animal species with a significant contribution to the source emissions (25% or more), it is good practice to apply: Enhanced (detailed) characterization – country-specific method/Tier 2 – nationally disaggregated emission factors… …Provided there is no restriction of activity data. For those non-significant animal species: Basic characterization – tier 1 – default emission factors. Recommendation: always produce an enhanced characterization for cattle and swine; buffalo and sheep could be included, depending on national circumstances. Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  31. Basic characterization comprises: List of animal species Annual population data, by species Average annual milk production of dairy cows Percentage of animals per climate region existing in the Party. Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  32. Enhanced Characterization: in addition top basic data Disaggregation of species population into homogeneous groups of animals (per age/gender/animal performance) Livestock population per species homogeneous groups Feed intake estimates for a typical animal in each group (used in the tier 2 enteric fermentation emissions for cattle, buffalo and sheep) Estimates should be used to harmonize the estimated manure and N excretion rates for CH4 and N2O emissions from manure management and direct/indirect N2O agricultural soil emissions Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  33. Enhanced Characterization Animal performance, used to estimate gross energy (GE) intake: amount of energy (MJ/day) an animal needs per day to perform activities (growth, lactation and pregnancy) It is good practiceto estimate GE intake based on animal performance data If no AD is available, a survey should be conducted to determine regional livestock production patterns and regional animal distributions If not enough resources, assumptions may be based upon the opinions of experts Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  34. Characterization of animal species without emission estimation method: Some countries may have domesticated animals for which IPCC has not reported methods (llamas, alpacas, wapiti, emus, ostriches, deer, others). The IPCC good practice guidance (2000) recommends that emission estimates should be based on country-specific emission factors when the species is likely to be a significant emission source. Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  35. Items linked to more than one category: In agriculture: Livestock linked to “Enteric Fermentation”, “Manure Management” and “Agricultural Soils” Manure management linked to “Manure Management – N2O” and “Agricultural Soils” Crop residues linked to “Agricultural Soils” and “Field Burning of Agricultural Residues”. Some activity data must be properly disaggregated to avoid double counting of emissions (manure and crop residues final uses). Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  36. Mass balance for crop residues (fractioning according to different end uses) Mass balance for animal manure produced (direct grazing and confinement, confined manure disaggregated by AWMS). Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items (cont.) Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  37. Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example Crop residues On-site Off-site Eaten by grazing animals Used as fuel Used as energy source (biogas) Applied to soils Raw material for building materials Burned on-site Feed suplemental for animals Used as house firewood Decomposed on the field Other uses Accounted under 4D. Agricultural Soils Accounted under 1. Energy Accounted under 4F. Burning of crop residues Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  38. Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example of Enhanced Characterization: Bovine – Enteric Fermentation Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  39. Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example of Enhanced Characterization : Bovine – Enteric Fermentation (cont.) To check estimates of GE, convert to kg/day of feed intake (by dividing GE by 18.45) and divide by live weight. The result must be between 1% and 3% of live weight. Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  40. Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example of Enhanced Characterization : Bovine – Manure Management * GE is used for determining VS. If these data are not available, default VS values are provided in Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, Table B-1, p. 4.40. Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 3B.40 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  41. Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example of Enhanced Characterization : Bovine – Manure Management (cont.) Total emissions estimated here are lower than those using Tier 1 (8.2 Gg CH4/yr). Weighted EF derived from this table is 1.2 kg CH4/head/yr, and this value should be used instead of the default (1.6 kg CH4/head/yr) in UNFCCC software. Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 3B.41 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  42. CH4 emissions: The decision tree for estimating CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation (IPCC good practice guidance, Figure 4.2)defines the route that must be followed to produce accurate emission estimates Example: Enteric Fermentation Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  43. CH4 emissions from Enteric Fermentation Event impossible Accuracy of estimates: Box 2 > Box 1 Buffalo, Sheep, Goats, Horses, Mules/Asses, Poultry For significant species when not enough AD Cattle, species with significant individual contribution to a key source Species with no significant contribution to a key source Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  44. If no domestic animal production, then the notation key “NO” If the category occurs but is not a key category, the recommended general approach is: basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF However, it is recommended to use enhanced characterization and tier 2 for cattle, provided the Party has the necessary data. If the category occurs and is a key category, the recommended approach is: enhanced characterization – Tier 2 – CS EF For the significant animal species (cattle and others) basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF For the non-significant animal species. Enteric Fermentation Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  45. Three methods for estimating CH4 emissions: Tier 1, simplified approach, relies on default EFs drawn from previous studies Tier 2, more accurate approach, requires detailed CS data on nutrient requirements, feed intake and CH4 conversion rates for specific feed types, to develop CS EFs for country-defined livestock categories: CS EFs, derived from enhanced characterization. The IPCC good practice guidance provides information to develop EFs for cattle and sheep (for buffalo, approach described for cattle can be applied) Tier 3, based on CS models and other approaches. Enteric Fermentation Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  46. Single livestock characterization provides the data to support the estimates Default or CS emission factors (based on manure characteristics, Bo, VS, MCF, and manure management systems), depends on the species significance Decision tree defines the route the Party should follow to produce accurate estimates (IPCC good practice guidance, Figure 4.3) Manure Management: CH4 Emissions Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  47. Event impossible CH4 emission from Manure Management Accuracy of estimates: Box 3 > Box 4 > Box 2 > Box 1 If key source and high individual contribution Cattle, buffalo, swine, (sheep), species without tier/EF Goats, horses, mules/asses, poultry, sheep Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  48. From the decision tree: If no domestic animal production, then report as “NO” If the domestic animal production occurs but the category is not key category, emission estimates can be computed following the most basic approach: basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF If the activity occurs and the category is key category: For the significant species (generally cattle, swine): enhanced characterization – Tier 2 – CS EFs For the non-significant species (generally, sheep, goats, camels, horses, asses, mules, poultry): basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF Manure Management: CH4 Emissions Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  49. Tier 1 requires livestock population data per animal species and climate region (i.e. cool, temperate, warm). Tier 2 requires detailed information on animal characteristics and the manner the manure is managed: Volatile solid (VS) excretion rates; country-specific VS data are based on estimated daily average feed intake, digestible energy of the feed, and ash content of the manure Maximum CH4 producing capacity of the manure (Bo), and CH4 conversion factor (MCF). Level depending on data availability and natural circumstances. Parties should make their best efforts to apply Tier 2. Manure Management: CH4 Emissions Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

  50. For Enteric Fermentation: Enhanced characterization and Tier 2 for cattle (non-dairy and/or cattle) Single characterization and Tier 1 for the rest of the animal species. For CH4 – Manure Management: Enhanced characterization and Tier 2 for swine and cattle (non-dairy and/or cattle); exceptionally, sheep and poultry Single characterization and Tier 1 for the rest of the animal species. Some Tips Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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